1.
Milićević, Nataša; Škodrić, Ljubinka
Working for the Enemy: Civil Servants in Occupied Serbia, 1941–1944 Book Chapter
In: Batista, Anamarija; Müller, Viola; Peres, Corinna (Ed.): Coercion and Wage Labour. Exploring Work Relations through History and Art, 2024.
@inbook{nokey,
title = {Working for the Enemy: Civil Servants in Occupied Serbia, 1941–1944},
author = {Nataša Milićević and Ljubinka Škodrić},
editor = {Anamarija Batista and Viola Müller and Corinna Peres},
year = {2024},
date = {2024-01-01},
booktitle = {Coercion and Wage Labour. Exploring Work Relations through History and Art},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inbook}
}
2.
Milićević, Nataša
Činovnici u okupiranoj Srbiji 1941-1944 [Civil Servants in Occupied Serbia 1941-1944] Journal Article
In: Istorija , vol. 20, pp. 69-86, 2018.
@article{nokey,
title = {Činovnici u okupiranoj Srbiji 1941-1944 [Civil Servants in Occupied Serbia 1941-1944]},
author = {Nataša Milićević},
year = {2018},
date = {2018-01-01},
urldate = {2018-01-01},
journal = {Istorija },
volume = {20},
pages = {69-86},
abstract = {This article explores factors which influenced changes of interwar position and status of civil servants under German occupation. Particular focus is on the “world of labor”, working conditions, and all forms of coercion by occupiers and collaborators authorities. The other topic is impact of small and insufficient salaries upon new forms of formal and informal jobs.
},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
This article explores factors which influenced changes of interwar position and status of civil servants under German occupation. Particular focus is on the “world of labor”, working conditions, and all forms of coercion by occupiers and collaborators authorities. The other topic is impact of small and insufficient salaries upon new forms of formal and informal jobs.
3.
Stojić, Biljana
Kordun od razvojačenja do ujedinjenja (1881-1918) Book Chapter
In: za savremenu istoriju, Institut (Ed.): Kordun – od Vojne granice do Republike Srpske Krajine 1881-1995, pp. 19-134, 2018.
@inbook{nokey,
title = {Kordun od razvojačenja do ujedinjenja (1881-1918)},
author = {Biljana Stojić},
editor = {Institut za savremenu istoriju},
year = {2018},
date = {2018-01-01},
urldate = {2018-01-01},
booktitle = {Kordun – od Vojne granice do Republike Srpske Krajine 1881-1995},
pages = {19-134},
abstract = {The chapter deals with the Serbian minority living in Austria-Hungary, most precisely in Kordun, a region of Croatia. As a research time frame, it was chosen in 1881 when Austria-Hungary decided to dissolute the last parts of the Military border and to incorporate them into civil societies. The end of research served the end of WWI and integration of Kordun and Croatia into the new state of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes (Yugoslavia). The main topic was the social and political transformation of Kordun accompanying social inequality of minorities as against the majority. I was most interested in research forms of social dependences, mobility of people within the Empire and abroad, the position of Serbian Orthodox Church, oppressions of the state to enforce its policy, mobilization of the minority into army forces during WWI.
},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inbook}
}
The chapter deals with the Serbian minority living in Austria-Hungary, most precisely in Kordun, a region of Croatia. As a research time frame, it was chosen in 1881 when Austria-Hungary decided to dissolute the last parts of the Military border and to incorporate them into civil societies. The end of research served the end of WWI and integration of Kordun and Croatia into the new state of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes (Yugoslavia). The main topic was the social and political transformation of Kordun accompanying social inequality of minorities as against the majority. I was most interested in research forms of social dependences, mobility of people within the Empire and abroad, the position of Serbian Orthodox Church, oppressions of the state to enforce its policy, mobilization of the minority into army forces during WWI.
4.
Ivanović, Miloš
“Dobri ljudi” u srpskoj srednjovekovnoj državi [“Boni Homines” in Medieval Serbian State] Book
2017.
@book{nokey,
title = {“Dobri ljudi” u srpskoj srednjovekovnoj državi [“Boni Homines” in Medieval Serbian State]},
author = {Miloš Ivanović},
year = {2017},
date = {2017-01-01},
urldate = {2017-01-01},
abstract = {The analysis of sources leads to the conclusion that persons giving statements about disputable land boundaries belonged to different social strata – from dependent peasants to the nobility. Knowing local circumstances was the primary characteristic that they needed to have. If there were priests among elders, they were mentioned in the first place, which means that they enjoyed special reputation as witnesses. The participation of noblemen was, however, important for the implementation of decisions. In a document from 1454, elders called themselves kmets, but this term also had several meanings. It is certain only that they were reputable inhabitants of settlements that they originated from. On the other hand, witnesses in disputes about lands in the territory ruled by the Crnojevićs were consistently designated as noblemen. The reason behind this is the social structure of this area with dominant military bands, whose members were considered the nobility. There was not much arable land there, which is why there was scarce dependent population. The analysis of the social status of “boni homines” in medieval Serbian towns must start from data from the Novo Brdo Legal Code. Its introduction contains the names of 24 expertpersons who compiled it. Two of them may perhaps be identified with persons mentioned in Dubrovnik documents, while others are not mentioned in other sources. However, professions are given next to some persons, indicating that they performed some mining activities. It cannot be excluded that this applied also to some other persons whose professions were not described. As the matter of fact, mining experts enjoyed autonomy also within towns where they worked and gathered at assemblies. However, neither this information enables us to place them into some of known social strata. It is also undisputable that “boni homines” who brought verdicts in disputes on coal pits had to have some expertise. Traders could also have been among them as they were the main investors in mining production.
},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {book}
}
The analysis of sources leads to the conclusion that persons giving statements about disputable land boundaries belonged to different social strata – from dependent peasants to the nobility. Knowing local circumstances was the primary characteristic that they needed to have. If there were priests among elders, they were mentioned in the first place, which means that they enjoyed special reputation as witnesses. The participation of noblemen was, however, important for the implementation of decisions. In a document from 1454, elders called themselves kmets, but this term also had several meanings. It is certain only that they were reputable inhabitants of settlements that they originated from. On the other hand, witnesses in disputes about lands in the territory ruled by the Crnojevićs were consistently designated as noblemen. The reason behind this is the social structure of this area with dominant military bands, whose members were considered the nobility. There was not much arable land there, which is why there was scarce dependent population. The analysis of the social status of “boni homines” in medieval Serbian towns must start from data from the Novo Brdo Legal Code. Its introduction contains the names of 24 expertpersons who compiled it. Two of them may perhaps be identified with persons mentioned in Dubrovnik documents, while others are not mentioned in other sources. However, professions are given next to some persons, indicating that they performed some mining activities. It cannot be excluded that this applied also to some other persons whose professions were not described. As the matter of fact, mining experts enjoyed autonomy also within towns where they worked and gathered at assemblies. However, neither this information enables us to place them into some of known social strata. It is also undisputable that “boni homines” who brought verdicts in disputes on coal pits had to have some expertise. Traders could also have been among them as they were the main investors in mining production.
5.
Ivanović, Miloš
Razvoj institucije imuniteta u srpskoj srednjovekovnoj državi do kraja vladavine kralja Milutina [Development of the Institution of Immunity in the Serbian Medieval State Until the End of Reign of King Milutin] Journal Article
In: Istorijski časopis , vol. LXVI, pp. 49-83, 2017.
@article{nokey,
title = { Razvoj institucije imuniteta u srpskoj srednjovekovnoj državi do kraja vladavine kralja Milutina [Development of the Institution of Immunity in the Serbian Medieval State Until the End of Reign of King Milutin]},
author = {Miloš Ivanović },
year = {2017},
date = {2017-01-01},
urldate = {2017-01-01},
journal = {Istorijski časopis },
volume = {LXVI},
pages = {49-83},
abstract = {Groundbreaking period in the development of immunity was reign of King Milutin (1282–1321). In his charters he freed monastery’s possessions from “all kinds of labor, small and great”. In that manner, he gave to these properties complete tax exemption. Also, he forbade to his official and noblemen to threaten financial and judicial immunity of monasteries. It seems that the king still kept the right to judge in certain cases such as murder, infidelity, rape of girls and takeover men and horses. At that time the Byzantine holders also received broad immunity rights.
},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Groundbreaking period in the development of immunity was reign of King Milutin (1282–1321). In his charters he freed monastery’s possessions from “all kinds of labor, small and great”. In that manner, he gave to these properties complete tax exemption. Also, he forbade to his official and noblemen to threaten financial and judicial immunity of monasteries. It seems that the king still kept the right to judge in certain cases such as murder, infidelity, rape of girls and takeover men and horses. At that time the Byzantine holders also received broad immunity rights.
6.
Ivanović, Miloš
Razvitak vojne službe kao osnov formiranja vlasteoskog sloja u srpskoj srednjovekovnoj državi [Development of Military Service as Foundation for Creation of Nobility in Medieval Serbia] Journal Article
In: Vojnoistorijski glasnik [Military Historical Review], vol. 1, pp. 30-48, 2014.
@article{nokey,
title = {Razvitak vojne službe kao osnov formiranja vlasteoskog sloja u srpskoj srednjovekovnoj državi [Development of Military Service as Foundation for Creation of Nobility in Medieval Serbia]},
author = {Miloš Ivanović},
year = {2014},
date = {2014-01-01},
urldate = {2014-01-01},
journal = {Vojnoistorijski glasnik [Military Historical Review]},
volume = {1},
pages = {30-48},
abstract = {Occasional submission of Serbian lands to Byzantine Empire or Bulgaria slow down creation of local elites. Process of political emancipation from Byzantine rule, which started in Doclea during 11th and its successful continuation in Raska during 12th century wouldn’t be feasible without existence of group of professional soldiers”. Confirmation could be found in writings of Byzantine writers as well in certain archeological sites. By the end of 12th century in Serbia appeared new type of soldier – armored cavalryman. Almost simultaneously appeared group of dependent inhabitants tied to land which was supposed to secure nobility with sufficient revenues. By the beginning of 13th century in hagiographies and charts beside nobility as separate social category appeared soldiers. Analyses of sources showed that both belonged to the class of warriors while nobility was entitled to higher titles and governing positions. In time, soldiers stop being separate social category and enter the ranks of nobility whose main obligation was warfare. By the mid-14th century this was confirmed by the Emperor Dusan Code. Thanks to its privileges nobility clearly differed from Vlachs among whom some were obliged to participate in war.
},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Occasional submission of Serbian lands to Byzantine Empire or Bulgaria slow down creation of local elites. Process of political emancipation from Byzantine rule, which started in Doclea during 11th and its successful continuation in Raska during 12th century wouldn’t be feasible without existence of group of professional soldiers”. Confirmation could be found in writings of Byzantine writers as well in certain archeological sites. By the end of 12th century in Serbia appeared new type of soldier – armored cavalryman. Almost simultaneously appeared group of dependent inhabitants tied to land which was supposed to secure nobility with sufficient revenues. By the beginning of 13th century in hagiographies and charts beside nobility as separate social category appeared soldiers. Analyses of sources showed that both belonged to the class of warriors while nobility was entitled to higher titles and governing positions. In time, soldiers stop being separate social category and enter the ranks of nobility whose main obligation was warfare. By the mid-14th century this was confirmed by the Emperor Dusan Code. Thanks to its privileges nobility clearly differed from Vlachs among whom some were obliged to participate in war.
7.
Škodrić, Ljubinka
Prosvetni radnici u ideologiji Vlade Milana Nedića 1941-1944 [Educational Workers as Part of General Milan Nedić’s Government Ideology 1941-1944] Journal Article
In: Istorija, vol. 20, iss. 1, pp. 151-163, 2011.
@article{nokey,
title = {Prosvetni radnici u ideologiji Vlade Milana Nedića 1941-1944 [Educational Workers as Part of General Milan Nedić’s Government Ideology 1941-1944]},
author = {Ljubinka Škodrić },
year = {2011},
date = {2011-01-01},
journal = {Istorija},
volume = {20},
issue = {1},
pages = {151-163},
abstract = {The article explores efforts of the collaborationist government in occupied Serbia during World War II to remodel high school education as important ideological tool. According to the standpoints of the government, educational workers should act as propagators of the ideology that government wished to spread. On the contrary to government proclaims, most of the teachers and professors, showed passive or active resistance. Because of that some of them lost their service and were sent in the prisons and camps.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
The article explores efforts of the collaborationist government in occupied Serbia during World War II to remodel high school education as important ideological tool. According to the standpoints of the government, educational workers should act as propagators of the ideology that government wished to spread. On the contrary to government proclaims, most of the teachers and professors, showed passive or active resistance. Because of that some of them lost their service and were sent in the prisons and camps.
8.
Milićević, Nataša
Neke forme prinudnog rada u Srbiji 1944-1950 [Certain Types of Forced Labour in Serbia 1944-1950] Book Chapter
In: Gajger, Vladimir; Grahek-Ravančić, Martina; Karakaš-Obradov, Marica (Ed.): Logori, zatvori i prisilni rad u Hrvatskoj/Jugoslaviji 1941-1945 [Camps, prisons and forced labour in Croatia/Yugoslavia 1941-1945, 1945-1951], pp. 183-203, 2010.
@inbook{nokey,
title = {Neke forme prinudnog rada u Srbiji 1944-1950 [Certain Types of Forced Labour in Serbia 1944-1950]},
author = {Nataša Milićević},
editor = {Vladimir Gajger and Martina Grahek-Ravančić and Marica Karakaš-Obradov},
year = {2010},
date = {2010-01-01},
booktitle = {Logori, zatvori i prisilni rad u Hrvatskoj/Jugoslaviji 1941-1945 [Camps, prisons and forced labour in Croatia/Yugoslavia 1941-1945, 1945-1951]},
pages = {183-203},
abstract = {The paper focuses on different forms of forced labour in Serbia after WW II. The topic of the analyis is also the attitude and the vocabulary of Communist authorities. They often used terms like “mobilization”, “volunteer labour”, “required servise”, “required work”. The affected social groups were particularly observed. Such gropus were Volksdeutsche (ethnic Germans), war prisoners, prison inmates, “volunteers”. The article explains who was hiding behind terms like “unproductive” or “enemy” elements.
},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inbook}
}
The paper focuses on different forms of forced labour in Serbia after WW II. The topic of the analyis is also the attitude and the vocabulary of Communist authorities. They often used terms like “mobilization”, “volunteer labour”, “required servise”, “required work”. The affected social groups were particularly observed. Such gropus were Volksdeutsche (ethnic Germans), war prisoners, prison inmates, “volunteers”. The article explains who was hiding behind terms like “unproductive” or “enemy” elements.
9.
Milićević, Nataša
Југословенска власт и српско грађанство 1944-1950 [The Yugoslav Authorities and Serbian Bourgeoisie 1944-1950] Book
2009.
@book{nokey,
title = {Југословенска власт и српско грађанство 1944-1950 [The Yugoslav Authorities and Serbian Bourgeoisie 1944-1950]},
author = {Nataša Milićević},
year = {2009},
date = {2009-01-01},
abstract = {The book investigates an encompassing all treatment of the Serbian bourgeoisie by Communist authorities. In the chapter devoted to repression, there is a part dealing with right to work of the members of the Serbian bourgeoisie. There is a survey in the book of different ideological, political and administrative measures, as well as regime pressures that influenced rights to work, or prevented perceived “enemies” within the bourgeoisie to practice certain professions.
},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {book}
}
The book investigates an encompassing all treatment of the Serbian bourgeoisie by Communist authorities. In the chapter devoted to repression, there is a part dealing with right to work of the members of the Serbian bourgeoisie. There is a survey in the book of different ideological, political and administrative measures, as well as regime pressures that influenced rights to work, or prevented perceived “enemies” within the bourgeoisie to practice certain professions.
10.
Škodrić, Ljubinka
Ministarstvo prosvete i vera u Srbiji 1941-1944. Sudbina institucije pod okupacijom, 443 p. [Ministry of Education and Religion in Serbia 1941-1944. The Fate of the Institution under the Occupation] Book
2009.
@book{nokey,
title = {Ministarstvo prosvete i vera u Srbiji 1941-1944. Sudbina institucije pod okupacijom, 443 p. [Ministry of Education and Religion in Serbia 1941-1944. The Fate of the Institution under the Occupation]},
author = {Ljubinka Škodrić},
year = {2009},
date = {2009-01-01},
abstract = {The book investigates the work, organization and structure of the Ministry of Education and Religion in Serbia during World War II and German occupation. Special focus is on the human resources policy of the Ministry of Education and Religion. The book analyzes the radical reduction of the number of civil servants and educational workers based on the racial, national, gender and age criteria. Staff reductions were used as an instrument of fight against employees who had different views and who were identified as “nationally unreliable”.
},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {book}
}
The book investigates the work, organization and structure of the Ministry of Education and Religion in Serbia during World War II and German occupation. Special focus is on the human resources policy of the Ministry of Education and Religion. The book analyzes the radical reduction of the number of civil servants and educational workers based on the racial, national, gender and age criteria. Staff reductions were used as an instrument of fight against employees who had different views and who were identified as “nationally unreliable”.
2024
Milićević, Nataša; Škodrić, Ljubinka
Working for the Enemy: Civil Servants in Occupied Serbia, 1941–1944 Book Chapter
In: Batista, Anamarija; Müller, Viola; Peres, Corinna (Ed.): Coercion and Wage Labour. Exploring Work Relations through History and Art, 2024.
Tags: 20th century, central and eastern europe, civ, serbia, wage labour
@inbook{nokey,
title = {Working for the Enemy: Civil Servants in Occupied Serbia, 1941–1944},
author = {Nataša Milićević and Ljubinka Škodrić},
editor = {Anamarija Batista and Viola Müller and Corinna Peres},
year = {2024},
date = {2024-01-01},
booktitle = {Coercion and Wage Labour. Exploring Work Relations through History and Art},
keywords = {20th century, central and eastern europe, civ, serbia, wage labour},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inbook}
}
2018
Milićević, Nataša
Činovnici u okupiranoj Srbiji 1941-1944 [Civil Servants in Occupied Serbia 1941-1944] Journal Article
In: Istorija , vol. 20, pp. 69-86, 2018.
Abstract | Tags: 20th century, central and eastern europe, civil servants, serbia
@article{nokey,
title = {Činovnici u okupiranoj Srbiji 1941-1944 [Civil Servants in Occupied Serbia 1941-1944]},
author = {Nataša Milićević},
year = {2018},
date = {2018-01-01},
urldate = {2018-01-01},
journal = {Istorija },
volume = {20},
pages = {69-86},
abstract = {This article explores factors which influenced changes of interwar position and status of civil servants under German occupation. Particular focus is on the “world of labor”, working conditions, and all forms of coercion by occupiers and collaborators authorities. The other topic is impact of small and insufficient salaries upon new forms of formal and informal jobs.
},
keywords = {20th century, central and eastern europe, civil servants, serbia},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
This article explores factors which influenced changes of interwar position and status of civil servants under German occupation. Particular focus is on the “world of labor”, working conditions, and all forms of coercion by occupiers and collaborators authorities. The other topic is impact of small and insufficient salaries upon new forms of formal and informal jobs.
Stojić, Biljana
Kordun od razvojačenja do ujedinjenja (1881-1918) Book Chapter
In: za savremenu istoriju, Institut (Ed.): Kordun – od Vojne granice do Republike Srpske Krajine 1881-1995, pp. 19-134, 2018.
Abstract | Tags: 19th century, 20th century, central and eastern europe, ethnic and religious minorities, habsburg empire, serbia
@inbook{nokey,
title = {Kordun od razvojačenja do ujedinjenja (1881-1918)},
author = {Biljana Stojić},
editor = {Institut za savremenu istoriju},
year = {2018},
date = {2018-01-01},
urldate = {2018-01-01},
booktitle = {Kordun – od Vojne granice do Republike Srpske Krajine 1881-1995},
pages = {19-134},
abstract = {The chapter deals with the Serbian minority living in Austria-Hungary, most precisely in Kordun, a region of Croatia. As a research time frame, it was chosen in 1881 when Austria-Hungary decided to dissolute the last parts of the Military border and to incorporate them into civil societies. The end of research served the end of WWI and integration of Kordun and Croatia into the new state of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes (Yugoslavia). The main topic was the social and political transformation of Kordun accompanying social inequality of minorities as against the majority. I was most interested in research forms of social dependences, mobility of people within the Empire and abroad, the position of Serbian Orthodox Church, oppressions of the state to enforce its policy, mobilization of the minority into army forces during WWI.
},
keywords = {19th century, 20th century, central and eastern europe, ethnic and religious minorities, habsburg empire, serbia},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inbook}
}
The chapter deals with the Serbian minority living in Austria-Hungary, most precisely in Kordun, a region of Croatia. As a research time frame, it was chosen in 1881 when Austria-Hungary decided to dissolute the last parts of the Military border and to incorporate them into civil societies. The end of research served the end of WWI and integration of Kordun and Croatia into the new state of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes (Yugoslavia). The main topic was the social and political transformation of Kordun accompanying social inequality of minorities as against the majority. I was most interested in research forms of social dependences, mobility of people within the Empire and abroad, the position of Serbian Orthodox Church, oppressions of the state to enforce its policy, mobilization of the minority into army forces during WWI.
2017
Ivanović, Miloš
“Dobri ljudi” u srpskoj srednjovekovnoj državi [“Boni Homines” in Medieval Serbian State] Book
2017.
Abstract | Tags: central and eastern europe, medieval history, property relations, serbia, social structure
@book{nokey,
title = {“Dobri ljudi” u srpskoj srednjovekovnoj državi [“Boni Homines” in Medieval Serbian State]},
author = {Miloš Ivanović},
year = {2017},
date = {2017-01-01},
urldate = {2017-01-01},
abstract = {The analysis of sources leads to the conclusion that persons giving statements about disputable land boundaries belonged to different social strata – from dependent peasants to the nobility. Knowing local circumstances was the primary characteristic that they needed to have. If there were priests among elders, they were mentioned in the first place, which means that they enjoyed special reputation as witnesses. The participation of noblemen was, however, important for the implementation of decisions. In a document from 1454, elders called themselves kmets, but this term also had several meanings. It is certain only that they were reputable inhabitants of settlements that they originated from. On the other hand, witnesses in disputes about lands in the territory ruled by the Crnojevićs were consistently designated as noblemen. The reason behind this is the social structure of this area with dominant military bands, whose members were considered the nobility. There was not much arable land there, which is why there was scarce dependent population. The analysis of the social status of “boni homines” in medieval Serbian towns must start from data from the Novo Brdo Legal Code. Its introduction contains the names of 24 expertpersons who compiled it. Two of them may perhaps be identified with persons mentioned in Dubrovnik documents, while others are not mentioned in other sources. However, professions are given next to some persons, indicating that they performed some mining activities. It cannot be excluded that this applied also to some other persons whose professions were not described. As the matter of fact, mining experts enjoyed autonomy also within towns where they worked and gathered at assemblies. However, neither this information enables us to place them into some of known social strata. It is also undisputable that “boni homines” who brought verdicts in disputes on coal pits had to have some expertise. Traders could also have been among them as they were the main investors in mining production.
},
keywords = {central and eastern europe, medieval history, property relations, serbia, social structure},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {book}
}
The analysis of sources leads to the conclusion that persons giving statements about disputable land boundaries belonged to different social strata – from dependent peasants to the nobility. Knowing local circumstances was the primary characteristic that they needed to have. If there were priests among elders, they were mentioned in the first place, which means that they enjoyed special reputation as witnesses. The participation of noblemen was, however, important for the implementation of decisions. In a document from 1454, elders called themselves kmets, but this term also had several meanings. It is certain only that they were reputable inhabitants of settlements that they originated from. On the other hand, witnesses in disputes about lands in the territory ruled by the Crnojevićs were consistently designated as noblemen. The reason behind this is the social structure of this area with dominant military bands, whose members were considered the nobility. There was not much arable land there, which is why there was scarce dependent population. The analysis of the social status of “boni homines” in medieval Serbian towns must start from data from the Novo Brdo Legal Code. Its introduction contains the names of 24 expertpersons who compiled it. Two of them may perhaps be identified with persons mentioned in Dubrovnik documents, while others are not mentioned in other sources. However, professions are given next to some persons, indicating that they performed some mining activities. It cannot be excluded that this applied also to some other persons whose professions were not described. As the matter of fact, mining experts enjoyed autonomy also within towns where they worked and gathered at assemblies. However, neither this information enables us to place them into some of known social strata. It is also undisputable that “boni homines” who brought verdicts in disputes on coal pits had to have some expertise. Traders could also have been among them as they were the main investors in mining production.
Ivanović, Miloš
Razvoj institucije imuniteta u srpskoj srednjovekovnoj državi do kraja vladavine kralja Milutina [Development of the Institution of Immunity in the Serbian Medieval State Until the End of Reign of King Milutin] Journal Article
In: Istorijski časopis , vol. LXVI, pp. 49-83, 2017.
Abstract | Tags: central and eastern europe, medieval history, serbia
@article{nokey,
title = { Razvoj institucije imuniteta u srpskoj srednjovekovnoj državi do kraja vladavine kralja Milutina [Development of the Institution of Immunity in the Serbian Medieval State Until the End of Reign of King Milutin]},
author = {Miloš Ivanović },
year = {2017},
date = {2017-01-01},
urldate = {2017-01-01},
journal = {Istorijski časopis },
volume = {LXVI},
pages = {49-83},
abstract = {Groundbreaking period in the development of immunity was reign of King Milutin (1282–1321). In his charters he freed monastery’s possessions from “all kinds of labor, small and great”. In that manner, he gave to these properties complete tax exemption. Also, he forbade to his official and noblemen to threaten financial and judicial immunity of monasteries. It seems that the king still kept the right to judge in certain cases such as murder, infidelity, rape of girls and takeover men and horses. At that time the Byzantine holders also received broad immunity rights.
},
keywords = {central and eastern europe, medieval history, serbia},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Groundbreaking period in the development of immunity was reign of King Milutin (1282–1321). In his charters he freed monastery’s possessions from “all kinds of labor, small and great”. In that manner, he gave to these properties complete tax exemption. Also, he forbade to his official and noblemen to threaten financial and judicial immunity of monasteries. It seems that the king still kept the right to judge in certain cases such as murder, infidelity, rape of girls and takeover men and horses. At that time the Byzantine holders also received broad immunity rights.
2014
Ivanović, Miloš
Razvitak vojne službe kao osnov formiranja vlasteoskog sloja u srpskoj srednjovekovnoj državi [Development of Military Service as Foundation for Creation of Nobility in Medieval Serbia] Journal Article
In: Vojnoistorijski glasnik [Military Historical Review], vol. 1, pp. 30-48, 2014.
Abstract | Tags: central and eastern europe, medieval history, military, serbia
@article{nokey,
title = {Razvitak vojne službe kao osnov formiranja vlasteoskog sloja u srpskoj srednjovekovnoj državi [Development of Military Service as Foundation for Creation of Nobility in Medieval Serbia]},
author = {Miloš Ivanović},
year = {2014},
date = {2014-01-01},
urldate = {2014-01-01},
journal = {Vojnoistorijski glasnik [Military Historical Review]},
volume = {1},
pages = {30-48},
abstract = {Occasional submission of Serbian lands to Byzantine Empire or Bulgaria slow down creation of local elites. Process of political emancipation from Byzantine rule, which started in Doclea during 11th and its successful continuation in Raska during 12th century wouldn’t be feasible without existence of group of professional soldiers”. Confirmation could be found in writings of Byzantine writers as well in certain archeological sites. By the end of 12th century in Serbia appeared new type of soldier – armored cavalryman. Almost simultaneously appeared group of dependent inhabitants tied to land which was supposed to secure nobility with sufficient revenues. By the beginning of 13th century in hagiographies and charts beside nobility as separate social category appeared soldiers. Analyses of sources showed that both belonged to the class of warriors while nobility was entitled to higher titles and governing positions. In time, soldiers stop being separate social category and enter the ranks of nobility whose main obligation was warfare. By the mid-14th century this was confirmed by the Emperor Dusan Code. Thanks to its privileges nobility clearly differed from Vlachs among whom some were obliged to participate in war.
},
keywords = {central and eastern europe, medieval history, military, serbia},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Occasional submission of Serbian lands to Byzantine Empire or Bulgaria slow down creation of local elites. Process of political emancipation from Byzantine rule, which started in Doclea during 11th and its successful continuation in Raska during 12th century wouldn’t be feasible without existence of group of professional soldiers”. Confirmation could be found in writings of Byzantine writers as well in certain archeological sites. By the end of 12th century in Serbia appeared new type of soldier – armored cavalryman. Almost simultaneously appeared group of dependent inhabitants tied to land which was supposed to secure nobility with sufficient revenues. By the beginning of 13th century in hagiographies and charts beside nobility as separate social category appeared soldiers. Analyses of sources showed that both belonged to the class of warriors while nobility was entitled to higher titles and governing positions. In time, soldiers stop being separate social category and enter the ranks of nobility whose main obligation was warfare. By the mid-14th century this was confirmed by the Emperor Dusan Code. Thanks to its privileges nobility clearly differed from Vlachs among whom some were obliged to participate in war.
2011
Škodrić, Ljubinka
Prosvetni radnici u ideologiji Vlade Milana Nedića 1941-1944 [Educational Workers as Part of General Milan Nedić’s Government Ideology 1941-1944] Journal Article
In: Istorija, vol. 20, iss. 1, pp. 151-163, 2011.
Abstract | Tags: 20th century, education, serbia
@article{nokey,
title = {Prosvetni radnici u ideologiji Vlade Milana Nedića 1941-1944 [Educational Workers as Part of General Milan Nedić’s Government Ideology 1941-1944]},
author = {Ljubinka Škodrić },
year = {2011},
date = {2011-01-01},
journal = {Istorija},
volume = {20},
issue = {1},
pages = {151-163},
abstract = {The article explores efforts of the collaborationist government in occupied Serbia during World War II to remodel high school education as important ideological tool. According to the standpoints of the government, educational workers should act as propagators of the ideology that government wished to spread. On the contrary to government proclaims, most of the teachers and professors, showed passive or active resistance. Because of that some of them lost their service and were sent in the prisons and camps.},
keywords = {20th century, education, serbia},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
The article explores efforts of the collaborationist government in occupied Serbia during World War II to remodel high school education as important ideological tool. According to the standpoints of the government, educational workers should act as propagators of the ideology that government wished to spread. On the contrary to government proclaims, most of the teachers and professors, showed passive or active resistance. Because of that some of them lost their service and were sent in the prisons and camps.
2010
Milićević, Nataša
Neke forme prinudnog rada u Srbiji 1944-1950 [Certain Types of Forced Labour in Serbia 1944-1950] Book Chapter
In: Gajger, Vladimir; Grahek-Ravančić, Martina; Karakaš-Obradov, Marica (Ed.): Logori, zatvori i prisilni rad u Hrvatskoj/Jugoslaviji 1941-1945 [Camps, prisons and forced labour in Croatia/Yugoslavia 1941-1945, 1945-1951], pp. 183-203, 2010.
Abstract | Tags: 20th century, central and eastern europe, forced labour, serbia, socialism
@inbook{nokey,
title = {Neke forme prinudnog rada u Srbiji 1944-1950 [Certain Types of Forced Labour in Serbia 1944-1950]},
author = {Nataša Milićević},
editor = {Vladimir Gajger and Martina Grahek-Ravančić and Marica Karakaš-Obradov},
year = {2010},
date = {2010-01-01},
booktitle = {Logori, zatvori i prisilni rad u Hrvatskoj/Jugoslaviji 1941-1945 [Camps, prisons and forced labour in Croatia/Yugoslavia 1941-1945, 1945-1951]},
pages = {183-203},
abstract = {The paper focuses on different forms of forced labour in Serbia after WW II. The topic of the analyis is also the attitude and the vocabulary of Communist authorities. They often used terms like “mobilization”, “volunteer labour”, “required servise”, “required work”. The affected social groups were particularly observed. Such gropus were Volksdeutsche (ethnic Germans), war prisoners, prison inmates, “volunteers”. The article explains who was hiding behind terms like “unproductive” or “enemy” elements.
},
keywords = {20th century, central and eastern europe, forced labour, serbia, socialism},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inbook}
}
The paper focuses on different forms of forced labour in Serbia after WW II. The topic of the analyis is also the attitude and the vocabulary of Communist authorities. They often used terms like “mobilization”, “volunteer labour”, “required servise”, “required work”. The affected social groups were particularly observed. Such gropus were Volksdeutsche (ethnic Germans), war prisoners, prison inmates, “volunteers”. The article explains who was hiding behind terms like “unproductive” or “enemy” elements.
2009
Milićević, Nataša
Југословенска власт и српско грађанство 1944-1950 [The Yugoslav Authorities and Serbian Bourgeoisie 1944-1950] Book
2009.
Abstract | Tags: 20th century, central and eastern europe, serbia, socialism, yugoslavia
@book{nokey,
title = {Југословенска власт и српско грађанство 1944-1950 [The Yugoslav Authorities and Serbian Bourgeoisie 1944-1950]},
author = {Nataša Milićević},
year = {2009},
date = {2009-01-01},
abstract = {The book investigates an encompassing all treatment of the Serbian bourgeoisie by Communist authorities. In the chapter devoted to repression, there is a part dealing with right to work of the members of the Serbian bourgeoisie. There is a survey in the book of different ideological, political and administrative measures, as well as regime pressures that influenced rights to work, or prevented perceived “enemies” within the bourgeoisie to practice certain professions.
},
keywords = {20th century, central and eastern europe, serbia, socialism, yugoslavia},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {book}
}
The book investigates an encompassing all treatment of the Serbian bourgeoisie by Communist authorities. In the chapter devoted to repression, there is a part dealing with right to work of the members of the Serbian bourgeoisie. There is a survey in the book of different ideological, political and administrative measures, as well as regime pressures that influenced rights to work, or prevented perceived “enemies” within the bourgeoisie to practice certain professions.
Škodrić, Ljubinka
Ministarstvo prosvete i vera u Srbiji 1941-1944. Sudbina institucije pod okupacijom, 443 p. [Ministry of Education and Religion in Serbia 1941-1944. The Fate of the Institution under the Occupation] Book
2009.
Abstract | Tags: 20th century, civil servants, education, fascism, serbia
@book{nokey,
title = {Ministarstvo prosvete i vera u Srbiji 1941-1944. Sudbina institucije pod okupacijom, 443 p. [Ministry of Education and Religion in Serbia 1941-1944. The Fate of the Institution under the Occupation]},
author = {Ljubinka Škodrić},
year = {2009},
date = {2009-01-01},
abstract = {The book investigates the work, organization and structure of the Ministry of Education and Religion in Serbia during World War II and German occupation. Special focus is on the human resources policy of the Ministry of Education and Religion. The book analyzes the radical reduction of the number of civil servants and educational workers based on the racial, national, gender and age criteria. Staff reductions were used as an instrument of fight against employees who had different views and who were identified as “nationally unreliable”.
},
keywords = {20th century, civil servants, education, fascism, serbia},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {book}
}
The book investigates the work, organization and structure of the Ministry of Education and Religion in Serbia during World War II and German occupation. Special focus is on the human resources policy of the Ministry of Education and Religion. The book analyzes the radical reduction of the number of civil servants and educational workers based on the racial, national, gender and age criteria. Staff reductions were used as an instrument of fight against employees who had different views and who were identified as “nationally unreliable”.