1.
Tammisto, Peeter
Runaway Serfs in 17th-Century Estland and Livland Journal Article
In: Scandinavian Journal of History, vol. 48, iss. 5, pp. 615-634, 2023.
@article{nokey,
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year = {2023},
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volume = {48},
issue = {5},
pages = {615-634},
abstract = {Adscripti glebae is a condition where peasants legally belong to a particular landholding. Its purpose was to maintain a stable labour force at the disposal of the landholder. Peasants who did not abide by this immobility requirement were termed runaways. Runaways have been episodically mentioned in medieval and early modern social history, particularly in demographic history, urban history, and histories of serfdom. Yet they have rarely been the central focus of historical studies. This paper examines the runaway on the background of the particular conditions of serfdom in the provinces of Estland and Livland. The paper describes how serfdom was practiced in these provinces, proceeds to peasant agency by considering the numerous diverse reasons for running away and outlines the reasoning behind the efforts of both nobility and government aimed at maintaining the status quo. The court records of a few extradition cases are highlighted to illustrate aspects of the issue of keeping serfs bound to the land.},
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Adscripti glebae is a condition where peasants legally belong to a particular landholding. Its purpose was to maintain a stable labour force at the disposal of the landholder. Peasants who did not abide by this immobility requirement were termed runaways. Runaways have been episodically mentioned in medieval and early modern social history, particularly in demographic history, urban history, and histories of serfdom. Yet they have rarely been the central focus of historical studies. This paper examines the runaway on the background of the particular conditions of serfdom in the provinces of Estland and Livland. The paper describes how serfdom was practiced in these provinces, proceeds to peasant agency by considering the numerous diverse reasons for running away and outlines the reasoning behind the efforts of both nobility and government aimed at maintaining the status quo. The court records of a few extradition cases are highlighted to illustrate aspects of the issue of keeping serfs bound to the land.
2.
Heinsen, Johan
Escape and Reform in the Early-Modern Danish Prison System Book Chapter
In: Bernardi, Claudia; Müller, Viola; Stojić, Biljana; Vilhelmsson, Vilhelm (Ed.): Moving Workers: Historical Perspectives on Labour, Coercion and Im/Mobilities, 2023.
@inbook{nokey,
title = {Escape and Reform in the Early-Modern Danish Prison System},
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3.
Müller, Viola
“Employed at the Works of the City”. The Punishment of Runaway Slaves in the Antebellum US South Journal Article
In: Journal of Global Slavery, vol. 7, iss. 1-2, pp. 153-176, 2022.
@article{nokey,
title = {“Employed at the Works of the City”. The Punishment of Runaway Slaves in the Antebellum US South},
author = {Viola Müller},
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issuetitle = {Punishing the Enslaved: Slavery, Labor, and Punitive Practices in the Americas, 1760s–1880s},
journal = {Journal of Global Slavery},
volume = {7},
issue = {1-2},
pages = {153-176},
abstract = {Despite the successful maneuvers of many runaways to escape slavery in the slaveholding South, considerable numbers did not make it and were apprehended by slave patrols, civilians, or watchmen. What happened to those among them who were subsequently not reclaimed by their legal owners? To answer this question, this paper focuses on the punishment and forced employment of runaway slaves by city and state authorities rather than by individual slaveholders. It follows enslaved southerners into workhouses, chain gains, and penitentiaries, thereby connecting different institutions within the nineteenth-century penal system. Exploring collaboration and clashes between slaveholders and the authorities, it will discuss how the forced employment of runaways fitted in with the broader understanding of Black labor and the restructuring of labor demands in the antebellum US South.
},
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Despite the successful maneuvers of many runaways to escape slavery in the slaveholding South, considerable numbers did not make it and were apprehended by slave patrols, civilians, or watchmen. What happened to those among them who were subsequently not reclaimed by their legal owners? To answer this question, this paper focuses on the punishment and forced employment of runaway slaves by city and state authorities rather than by individual slaveholders. It follows enslaved southerners into workhouses, chain gains, and penitentiaries, thereby connecting different institutions within the nineteenth-century penal system. Exploring collaboration and clashes between slaveholders and the authorities, it will discuss how the forced employment of runaways fitted in with the broader understanding of Black labor and the restructuring of labor demands in the antebellum US South.
4.
Müller, Viola
Escape to the City. Fugitive Slaves in the Antebellum Urban South Book
2022.
@book{nokey,
title = {Escape to the City. Fugitive Slaves in the Antebellum Urban South},
author = {Viola Müller},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-01-01},
abstract = {Viola Franziska Müller examines runaways who camouflaged themselves among the free Black populations in Baltimore, Charleston, New Orleans, and Richmond. In the urban South, they found shelter, work, and other survival networks that enabled them to live in slaveholding territory, shielded and supported by their host communities in an act of collective resistance to slavery. While all fugitives risked their lives to escape slavery, those who fled to southern cities were perhaps the most vulnerable of all. Not dissimilar to modern-day refugees and illegal migrants, runaway slaves that sought refuge in the urban South were antebellum America's undocumented people, forging lives free from bondage but without the legal status of freedpeople. Spanning from the 1810s to the start of the Civil War, Müller reveals how urbanization, work opportunities, and the interconnectedness of free and enslaved Black people in each city determined how successfully runaways could remain invisible to authorities.
},
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Viola Franziska Müller examines runaways who camouflaged themselves among the free Black populations in Baltimore, Charleston, New Orleans, and Richmond. In the urban South, they found shelter, work, and other survival networks that enabled them to live in slaveholding territory, shielded and supported by their host communities in an act of collective resistance to slavery. While all fugitives risked their lives to escape slavery, those who fled to southern cities were perhaps the most vulnerable of all. Not dissimilar to modern-day refugees and illegal migrants, runaway slaves that sought refuge in the urban South were antebellum America's undocumented people, forging lives free from bondage but without the legal status of freedpeople. Spanning from the 1810s to the start of the Civil War, Müller reveals how urbanization, work opportunities, and the interconnectedness of free and enslaved Black people in each city determined how successfully runaways could remain invisible to authorities.
5.
Rediker, Marcus; Chakraborty, Titas; van Rossum, Matthias (Ed.)
A Global History of Runaways: Workers, Mobility, and Capitalism 1600-1850 Collection
2019.
@collection{nokey,
title = {A Global History of Runaways: Workers, Mobility, and Capitalism 1600-1850},
editor = {Marcus Rediker and Titas Chakraborty and Matthias van Rossum},
year = {2019},
date = {2019-01-01},
urldate = {2019-01-01},
abstract = {During global capitalism's long ascent from 1600–1850, workers of all kinds—slaves, indentured servants, convicts, domestic workers, soldiers, and sailors—repeatedly ran away from their masters and bosses, with profound effects. "A Global History of Runaways" compares and connects runaways in the British, Danish, Dutch, French, Mughal, Portuguese, and American empires. Together these essays show how capitalism required vast numbers of mobile workers who would build the foundations of a new economic order. At the same time, these laborers challenged that order—from the undermining of Danish colonization in the seventeenth century to the igniting of civil war in the United States in the nineteenth.
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During global capitalism's long ascent from 1600–1850, workers of all kinds—slaves, indentured servants, convicts, domestic workers, soldiers, and sailors—repeatedly ran away from their masters and bosses, with profound effects. "A Global History of Runaways" compares and connects runaways in the British, Danish, Dutch, French, Mughal, Portuguese, and American empires. Together these essays show how capitalism required vast numbers of mobile workers who would build the foundations of a new economic order. At the same time, these laborers challenged that order—from the undermining of Danish colonization in the seventeenth century to the igniting of civil war in the United States in the nineteenth.
6.
Heinsen, Johan
Escaping St. Thomas: Class Relations and Convict Strategies in the Danish West Indies, 1672-1687 Book Chapter
In: Rediker, Marcus; Chakrabort, Titas; van Rossum, Matthias (Ed.): A Global History of Runaways: Workers, Mobility, and Capitalism, pp. 40.57, 2019.
@inbook{nokey,
title = {Escaping St. Thomas: Class Relations and Convict Strategies in the Danish West Indies, 1672-1687},
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year = {2019},
date = {2019-01-01},
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booktitle = {A Global History of Runaways: Workers, Mobility, and Capitalism},
pages = {40.57},
abstract = {An examination of the ways in which convicts in the Danish colony of St. Thomas challenged colonial order and exploitation through practices of escape. Through a close study of a particular group of convict runaways, the article unearths the minutiae of antagonisms in a system of coerced displacement and punishment.
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An examination of the ways in which convicts in the Danish colony of St. Thomas challenged colonial order and exploitation through practices of escape. Through a close study of a particular group of convict runaways, the article unearths the minutiae of antagonisms in a system of coerced displacement and punishment.
7.
Ulrich, Nicole
“Journeying into Freedom”: Traditions of Desertion at the Cape of Good Hope, 1652-1795 Book Chapter
In: Rediker, Marcus; Chakraborty, Titas; van Rossum, Matthias (Ed.): A Global History of Runaways: Workers, Mobility and Capitalism, 1600-1850, pp. 115-134, 2019.
@inbook{nokey,
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8.
Müller, Viola
Early Undocumented Workers: Runaway Slaves and African Americans in the American Urban South, c. 1830-1860 Journal Article
In: Labor History, vol. 60, pp. 865-868, 2019.
@article{nokey,
title = {Early Undocumented Workers: Runaway Slaves and African Americans in the American Urban South, c. 1830-1860},
author = {Viola Müller},
year = {2019},
date = {2019-01-01},
urldate = {2019-01-01},
journal = {Labor History},
volume = {60},
pages = {865-868},
abstract = {Between 1800 and 1860, thousands of people escaped slavery by making their way to the burgeoning cities and towns within the US South. There, runaway slaves joined free African Americans, of whom many were undocumented residents of their states. This ‘undocumentedness’ placed them in a liminal status between free and unfree. The increasingly disadvantageous socio-economic position of the free black population created opportunities for runaway slaves to blend in in large numbers, as well as for the undocumented as a whole to make ends meet.
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Between 1800 and 1860, thousands of people escaped slavery by making their way to the burgeoning cities and towns within the US South. There, runaway slaves joined free African Americans, of whom many were undocumented residents of their states. This ‘undocumentedness’ placed them in a liminal status between free and unfree. The increasingly disadvantageous socio-economic position of the free black population created opportunities for runaway slaves to blend in in large numbers, as well as for the undocumented as a whole to make ends meet.
9.
van Rossum, Matthias; Kamp, Jeannette (Ed.)
Desertion in the Early Modern World: A Comparative History Collection
2016.
@collection{nokey,
title = {Desertion in the Early Modern World: A Comparative History},
editor = {Matthias van Rossum and Jeannette Kamp},
year = {2016},
date = {2016-01-01},
abstract = {Early modern globalization was built on a highly labour intensive infrastructure. This book looks at the millions of workers who were needed to operate the ships, ports, store houses, forts and factories crucial to local and global exchange. These sailors, soldiers, craftsmen and slaves were crucial to globalization but were also confronted with the process of globalization themselves. They were often migrants who worked, directly or indirectly, for trading companies, merchants and producers that tried to discipline and control their labour force.
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Early modern globalization was built on a highly labour intensive infrastructure. This book looks at the millions of workers who were needed to operate the ships, ports, store houses, forts and factories crucial to local and global exchange. These sailors, soldiers, craftsmen and slaves were crucial to globalization but were also confronted with the process of globalization themselves. They were often migrants who worked, directly or indirectly, for trading companies, merchants and producers that tried to discipline and control their labour force.
2023
Tammisto, Peeter
Runaway Serfs in 17th-Century Estland and Livland Journal Article
In: Scandinavian Journal of History, vol. 48, iss. 5, pp. 615-634, 2023.
Abstract | Tags: baltic states, early modern history, estonia, runaways, serfdom
@article{nokey,
title = {Runaway Serfs in 17th-Century Estland and Livland},
author = {Peeter Tammisto},
year = {2023},
date = {2023-09-12},
journal = {Scandinavian Journal of History},
volume = {48},
issue = {5},
pages = {615-634},
abstract = {Adscripti glebae is a condition where peasants legally belong to a particular landholding. Its purpose was to maintain a stable labour force at the disposal of the landholder. Peasants who did not abide by this immobility requirement were termed runaways. Runaways have been episodically mentioned in medieval and early modern social history, particularly in demographic history, urban history, and histories of serfdom. Yet they have rarely been the central focus of historical studies. This paper examines the runaway on the background of the particular conditions of serfdom in the provinces of Estland and Livland. The paper describes how serfdom was practiced in these provinces, proceeds to peasant agency by considering the numerous diverse reasons for running away and outlines the reasoning behind the efforts of both nobility and government aimed at maintaining the status quo. The court records of a few extradition cases are highlighted to illustrate aspects of the issue of keeping serfs bound to the land.},
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Adscripti glebae is a condition where peasants legally belong to a particular landholding. Its purpose was to maintain a stable labour force at the disposal of the landholder. Peasants who did not abide by this immobility requirement were termed runaways. Runaways have been episodically mentioned in medieval and early modern social history, particularly in demographic history, urban history, and histories of serfdom. Yet they have rarely been the central focus of historical studies. This paper examines the runaway on the background of the particular conditions of serfdom in the provinces of Estland and Livland. The paper describes how serfdom was practiced in these provinces, proceeds to peasant agency by considering the numerous diverse reasons for running away and outlines the reasoning behind the efforts of both nobility and government aimed at maintaining the status quo. The court records of a few extradition cases are highlighted to illustrate aspects of the issue of keeping serfs bound to the land.
Heinsen, Johan
Escape and Reform in the Early-Modern Danish Prison System Book Chapter
In: Bernardi, Claudia; Müller, Viola; Stojić, Biljana; Vilhelmsson, Vilhelm (Ed.): Moving Workers: Historical Perspectives on Labour, Coercion and Im/Mobilities, 2023.
Tags: convict labour, denmark, early modern history, europe, migration and mobility, punishment, runaways, scandinavia
@inbook{nokey,
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author = {Johan Heinsen},
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date = {2023-01-01},
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2022
Müller, Viola
“Employed at the Works of the City”. The Punishment of Runaway Slaves in the Antebellum US South Journal Article
In: Journal of Global Slavery, vol. 7, iss. 1-2, pp. 153-176, 2022.
Abstract | Tags: 19th century, punishment, runaways, slavery, united states
@article{nokey,
title = {“Employed at the Works of the City”. The Punishment of Runaway Slaves in the Antebellum US South},
author = {Viola Müller},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-01-01},
issuetitle = {Punishing the Enslaved: Slavery, Labor, and Punitive Practices in the Americas, 1760s–1880s},
journal = {Journal of Global Slavery},
volume = {7},
issue = {1-2},
pages = {153-176},
abstract = {Despite the successful maneuvers of many runaways to escape slavery in the slaveholding South, considerable numbers did not make it and were apprehended by slave patrols, civilians, or watchmen. What happened to those among them who were subsequently not reclaimed by their legal owners? To answer this question, this paper focuses on the punishment and forced employment of runaway slaves by city and state authorities rather than by individual slaveholders. It follows enslaved southerners into workhouses, chain gains, and penitentiaries, thereby connecting different institutions within the nineteenth-century penal system. Exploring collaboration and clashes between slaveholders and the authorities, it will discuss how the forced employment of runaways fitted in with the broader understanding of Black labor and the restructuring of labor demands in the antebellum US South.
},
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Despite the successful maneuvers of many runaways to escape slavery in the slaveholding South, considerable numbers did not make it and were apprehended by slave patrols, civilians, or watchmen. What happened to those among them who were subsequently not reclaimed by their legal owners? To answer this question, this paper focuses on the punishment and forced employment of runaway slaves by city and state authorities rather than by individual slaveholders. It follows enslaved southerners into workhouses, chain gains, and penitentiaries, thereby connecting different institutions within the nineteenth-century penal system. Exploring collaboration and clashes between slaveholders and the authorities, it will discuss how the forced employment of runaways fitted in with the broader understanding of Black labor and the restructuring of labor demands in the antebellum US South.
Müller, Viola
Escape to the City. Fugitive Slaves in the Antebellum Urban South Book
2022.
Abstract | Tags: 19th century, migration and mobility, race, runaways, slavery, united states, urbanity
@book{nokey,
title = {Escape to the City. Fugitive Slaves in the Antebellum Urban South},
author = {Viola Müller},
year = {2022},
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Viola Franziska Müller examines runaways who camouflaged themselves among the free Black populations in Baltimore, Charleston, New Orleans, and Richmond. In the urban South, they found shelter, work, and other survival networks that enabled them to live in slaveholding territory, shielded and supported by their host communities in an act of collective resistance to slavery. While all fugitives risked their lives to escape slavery, those who fled to southern cities were perhaps the most vulnerable of all. Not dissimilar to modern-day refugees and illegal migrants, runaway slaves that sought refuge in the urban South were antebellum America's undocumented people, forging lives free from bondage but without the legal status of freedpeople. Spanning from the 1810s to the start of the Civil War, Müller reveals how urbanization, work opportunities, and the interconnectedness of free and enslaved Black people in each city determined how successfully runaways could remain invisible to authorities.
2019
Rediker, Marcus; Chakraborty, Titas; van Rossum, Matthias (Ed.)
A Global History of Runaways: Workers, Mobility, and Capitalism 1600-1850 Collection
2019.
Abstract | Tags: 19th century, capitalism, early modern history, global labour history, migration and mobility, runaways
@collection{nokey,
title = {A Global History of Runaways: Workers, Mobility, and Capitalism 1600-1850},
editor = {Marcus Rediker and Titas Chakraborty and Matthias van Rossum},
year = {2019},
date = {2019-01-01},
urldate = {2019-01-01},
abstract = {During global capitalism's long ascent from 1600–1850, workers of all kinds—slaves, indentured servants, convicts, domestic workers, soldiers, and sailors—repeatedly ran away from their masters and bosses, with profound effects. "A Global History of Runaways" compares and connects runaways in the British, Danish, Dutch, French, Mughal, Portuguese, and American empires. Together these essays show how capitalism required vast numbers of mobile workers who would build the foundations of a new economic order. At the same time, these laborers challenged that order—from the undermining of Danish colonization in the seventeenth century to the igniting of civil war in the United States in the nineteenth.
},
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During global capitalism's long ascent from 1600–1850, workers of all kinds—slaves, indentured servants, convicts, domestic workers, soldiers, and sailors—repeatedly ran away from their masters and bosses, with profound effects. "A Global History of Runaways" compares and connects runaways in the British, Danish, Dutch, French, Mughal, Portuguese, and American empires. Together these essays show how capitalism required vast numbers of mobile workers who would build the foundations of a new economic order. At the same time, these laborers challenged that order—from the undermining of Danish colonization in the seventeenth century to the igniting of civil war in the United States in the nineteenth.
Heinsen, Johan
Escaping St. Thomas: Class Relations and Convict Strategies in the Danish West Indies, 1672-1687 Book Chapter
In: Rediker, Marcus; Chakrabort, Titas; van Rossum, Matthias (Ed.): A Global History of Runaways: Workers, Mobility, and Capitalism, pp. 40.57, 2019.
Abstract | Tags: caribbean, convict labour, denmark, early modern history, forced labour, punishment, runaways, scandinavia
@inbook{nokey,
title = {Escaping St. Thomas: Class Relations and Convict Strategies in the Danish West Indies, 1672-1687},
author = {Johan Heinsen},
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year = {2019},
date = {2019-01-01},
urldate = {2019-01-01},
booktitle = {A Global History of Runaways: Workers, Mobility, and Capitalism},
pages = {40.57},
abstract = {An examination of the ways in which convicts in the Danish colony of St. Thomas challenged colonial order and exploitation through practices of escape. Through a close study of a particular group of convict runaways, the article unearths the minutiae of antagonisms in a system of coerced displacement and punishment.
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An examination of the ways in which convicts in the Danish colony of St. Thomas challenged colonial order and exploitation through practices of escape. Through a close study of a particular group of convict runaways, the article unearths the minutiae of antagonisms in a system of coerced displacement and punishment.
Ulrich, Nicole
“Journeying into Freedom”: Traditions of Desertion at the Cape of Good Hope, 1652-1795 Book Chapter
In: Rediker, Marcus; Chakraborty, Titas; van Rossum, Matthias (Ed.): A Global History of Runaways: Workers, Mobility and Capitalism, 1600-1850, pp. 115-134, 2019.
Tags: africa, early modern history, runaways, South Africa
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Müller, Viola
Early Undocumented Workers: Runaway Slaves and African Americans in the American Urban South, c. 1830-1860 Journal Article
In: Labor History, vol. 60, pp. 865-868, 2019.
Abstract | Tags: 19th century, race, runaways, slavery, united states
@article{nokey,
title = {Early Undocumented Workers: Runaway Slaves and African Americans in the American Urban South, c. 1830-1860},
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year = {2019},
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journal = {Labor History},
volume = {60},
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abstract = {Between 1800 and 1860, thousands of people escaped slavery by making their way to the burgeoning cities and towns within the US South. There, runaway slaves joined free African Americans, of whom many were undocumented residents of their states. This ‘undocumentedness’ placed them in a liminal status between free and unfree. The increasingly disadvantageous socio-economic position of the free black population created opportunities for runaway slaves to blend in in large numbers, as well as for the undocumented as a whole to make ends meet.
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Between 1800 and 1860, thousands of people escaped slavery by making their way to the burgeoning cities and towns within the US South. There, runaway slaves joined free African Americans, of whom many were undocumented residents of their states. This ‘undocumentedness’ placed them in a liminal status between free and unfree. The increasingly disadvantageous socio-economic position of the free black population created opportunities for runaway slaves to blend in in large numbers, as well as for the undocumented as a whole to make ends meet.
2016
van Rossum, Matthias; Kamp, Jeannette (Ed.)
Desertion in the Early Modern World: A Comparative History Collection
2016.
Abstract | Tags: early modern history, globalisation, runaways, slavery, social control
@collection{nokey,
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editor = {Matthias van Rossum and Jeannette Kamp},
year = {2016},
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abstract = {Early modern globalization was built on a highly labour intensive infrastructure. This book looks at the millions of workers who were needed to operate the ships, ports, store houses, forts and factories crucial to local and global exchange. These sailors, soldiers, craftsmen and slaves were crucial to globalization but were also confronted with the process of globalization themselves. They were often migrants who worked, directly or indirectly, for trading companies, merchants and producers that tried to discipline and control their labour force.
},
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Early modern globalization was built on a highly labour intensive infrastructure. This book looks at the millions of workers who were needed to operate the ships, ports, store houses, forts and factories crucial to local and global exchange. These sailors, soldiers, craftsmen and slaves were crucial to globalization but were also confronted with the process of globalization themselves. They were often migrants who worked, directly or indirectly, for trading companies, merchants and producers that tried to discipline and control their labour force.