1.
Müller, Viola
Escape to the City. Fugitive Slaves in the Antebellum Urban South Book
2022.
@book{nokey,
title = {Escape to the City. Fugitive Slaves in the Antebellum Urban South},
author = {Viola Müller},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-01-01},
abstract = {Viola Franziska Müller examines runaways who camouflaged themselves among the free Black populations in Baltimore, Charleston, New Orleans, and Richmond. In the urban South, they found shelter, work, and other survival networks that enabled them to live in slaveholding territory, shielded and supported by their host communities in an act of collective resistance to slavery. While all fugitives risked their lives to escape slavery, those who fled to southern cities were perhaps the most vulnerable of all. Not dissimilar to modern-day refugees and illegal migrants, runaway slaves that sought refuge in the urban South were antebellum America's undocumented people, forging lives free from bondage but without the legal status of freedpeople. Spanning from the 1810s to the start of the Civil War, Müller reveals how urbanization, work opportunities, and the interconnectedness of free and enslaved Black people in each city determined how successfully runaways could remain invisible to authorities.
},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {book}
}
Viola Franziska Müller examines runaways who camouflaged themselves among the free Black populations in Baltimore, Charleston, New Orleans, and Richmond. In the urban South, they found shelter, work, and other survival networks that enabled them to live in slaveholding territory, shielded and supported by their host communities in an act of collective resistance to slavery. While all fugitives risked their lives to escape slavery, those who fled to southern cities were perhaps the most vulnerable of all. Not dissimilar to modern-day refugees and illegal migrants, runaway slaves that sought refuge in the urban South were antebellum America's undocumented people, forging lives free from bondage but without the legal status of freedpeople. Spanning from the 1810s to the start of the Civil War, Müller reveals how urbanization, work opportunities, and the interconnectedness of free and enslaved Black people in each city determined how successfully runaways could remain invisible to authorities.
2.
Sarti, Raffaella
From Slaves and Servants to Citizens? Regulating Dependency, Race, and Gender in Revolutionary France and the French West Indies Journal Article
In: International Review of Social History , vol. 67, iss. 1, pp. 65-95, 2021.
@article{nokey,
title = {From Slaves and Servants to Citizens? Regulating Dependency, Race, and Gender in Revolutionary France and the French West Indies},
author = {Raffaella Sarti},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-01-01},
journal = {International Review of Social History },
volume = {67},
issue = {1},
pages = {65-95},
abstract = {A crucial aspect of the regulation of domestic service is the regulation of people's status. Because of its emphasis on freedom and equality, the French Revolution is particularly interesting. “Men are born and remain free and equal in rights. Social distinctions may be based only on considerations of the common good.” These principles of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen (26 August 1789) did not seem to leave room for slavery and master/servant hierarchies. Yet, their impact on slaves and servants was ambivalent, as I shall show by focusing on France and its Caribbean colonies. Dependency, race, and gender are crucial in my analysis. After sketching the features of servants, serfs, slaves, and indentured servants at the end of the Ancien Régime, I will analyse how the Revolution affected them, focusing on serfs and servants in metropolitan France, on black colonial slaves, and on female slaves and servants. While I investigate the “French imperial nation-State”, I will also provide some comparison with the American case. The Revolution led to a feminization of dependence both in metropolitan France and in the French Caribbean, making dependence more gendered. It abolished serfdom and slavery, and enfranchised male domestiques. Thus, on the one hand, it was really revolutionary; on the other, colonial slavery was first replaced by bonded labour and then reintroduced. Male domestiques were enfranchised briefly and only on paper; they would be enfranchised when slavery in the French colonies was abolished (1848). Women were excluded: mistresses and maids had to wait until 1944 to become full citizens. This makes it impossible to establish clear-cut distinctions between pre-revolutionary and post-revolutionary times, and in part challenges the difference between metropole and colonies.
},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
A crucial aspect of the regulation of domestic service is the regulation of people's status. Because of its emphasis on freedom and equality, the French Revolution is particularly interesting. “Men are born and remain free and equal in rights. Social distinctions may be based only on considerations of the common good.” These principles of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen (26 August 1789) did not seem to leave room for slavery and master/servant hierarchies. Yet, their impact on slaves and servants was ambivalent, as I shall show by focusing on France and its Caribbean colonies. Dependency, race, and gender are crucial in my analysis. After sketching the features of servants, serfs, slaves, and indentured servants at the end of the Ancien Régime, I will analyse how the Revolution affected them, focusing on serfs and servants in metropolitan France, on black colonial slaves, and on female slaves and servants. While I investigate the “French imperial nation-State”, I will also provide some comparison with the American case. The Revolution led to a feminization of dependence both in metropolitan France and in the French Caribbean, making dependence more gendered. It abolished serfdom and slavery, and enfranchised male domestiques. Thus, on the one hand, it was really revolutionary; on the other, colonial slavery was first replaced by bonded labour and then reintroduced. Male domestiques were enfranchised briefly and only on paper; they would be enfranchised when slavery in the French colonies was abolished (1848). Women were excluded: mistresses and maids had to wait until 1944 to become full citizens. This makes it impossible to establish clear-cut distinctions between pre-revolutionary and post-revolutionary times, and in part challenges the difference between metropole and colonies.
3.
Müller, Viola
Early Undocumented Workers: Runaway Slaves and African Americans in the American Urban South, c. 1830-1860 Journal Article
In: Labor History, vol. 60, pp. 865-868, 2019.
@article{nokey,
title = {Early Undocumented Workers: Runaway Slaves and African Americans in the American Urban South, c. 1830-1860},
author = {Viola Müller},
year = {2019},
date = {2019-01-01},
urldate = {2019-01-01},
journal = {Labor History},
volume = {60},
pages = {865-868},
abstract = {Between 1800 and 1860, thousands of people escaped slavery by making their way to the burgeoning cities and towns within the US South. There, runaway slaves joined free African Americans, of whom many were undocumented residents of their states. This ‘undocumentedness’ placed them in a liminal status between free and unfree. The increasingly disadvantageous socio-economic position of the free black population created opportunities for runaway slaves to blend in in large numbers, as well as for the undocumented as a whole to make ends meet.
},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Between 1800 and 1860, thousands of people escaped slavery by making their way to the burgeoning cities and towns within the US South. There, runaway slaves joined free African Americans, of whom many were undocumented residents of their states. This ‘undocumentedness’ placed them in a liminal status between free and unfree. The increasingly disadvantageous socio-economic position of the free black population created opportunities for runaway slaves to blend in in large numbers, as well as for the undocumented as a whole to make ends meet.
4.
Popinigis, Fabiane; Terra, Paulo Cruz
Classe, raça e a história social do trabalho no Brasil (2001-2016) Journal Article
In: Estudos Históricos, 2019.
@article{nokey,
title = {Classe, raça e a história social do trabalho no Brasil (2001-2016)},
author = {Fabiane Popinigis and Paulo Cruz Terra},
year = {2019},
date = {2019-01-01},
urldate = {2019-01-01},
journal = {Estudos Históricos},
abstract = {In a 1998 article, Silvia H. Lara made a harsh critique regarding the exclusion of Black people, be them enslaved or free, from the history of labor in Brazil. Identified only with free and wage-earning labor, this history would have ignored the experiences and struggles of those workers before and after the abolition of slavery. Twenty years after the publication of this is critique, which has been highly influential among academia, our goal in the present article is to resume this questioning, trying to identify how and to what extent the demand for expanded dialogues was incorporated into the production of the Work Group Mundos do Trabalho (‘Worlds of Labor’), which is connected to Associação Nacional de História (‘National History Association’), and using as sources the production presented by the researches within this Work Group.
},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
In a 1998 article, Silvia H. Lara made a harsh critique regarding the exclusion of Black people, be them enslaved or free, from the history of labor in Brazil. Identified only with free and wage-earning labor, this history would have ignored the experiences and struggles of those workers before and after the abolition of slavery. Twenty years after the publication of this is critique, which has been highly influential among academia, our goal in the present article is to resume this questioning, trying to identify how and to what extent the demand for expanded dialogues was incorporated into the production of the Work Group Mundos do Trabalho (‘Worlds of Labor’), which is connected to Associação Nacional de História (‘National History Association’), and using as sources the production presented by the researches within this Work Group.
5.
Pizzolato, Nico
Harvests of shame: enduring unfree labour in the twentieth-century United States, 1933–1964 Journal Article
In: Labor History, vol. 59, iss. 4, pp. 1-19, 2018.
@article{nokey,
title = {Harvests of shame: enduring unfree labour in the twentieth-century United States, 1933–1964},
author = {Nico Pizzolato},
year = {2018},
date = {2018-01-01},
urldate = {2018-01-01},
journal = {Labor History},
volume = {59},
issue = {4},
pages = {1-19},
abstract = {This article reframes the discussion on vulnerable and exploited agricultural labour in twentieth-century United States using the overarching category of unfree labour. In order to do so, it bridges two usually distinct historiographies by linking the phenomenon of ‘peonage’ during the New Deal, with the one of immigrant contract labour in southern Florida, under the H2 visa. Archival research on the practices at the U.S. Sugar Corporation in southern Florida illustrates this link. The article draws on Federal archives, U.S. Government proceedings, papers of political activists and legal and labour scholarship to argue: firstly, that unfree labour has been an enduring feature of agricultural labour relations at regional level during the twentieth century, through both a transmission and a transformation of practices that had their origin in the control of black emancipated labour; secondly, that the introduction of `guest workers’ under the H2 and Bracero programme meant a modernisation in the practices of unfree labour, pivoting on the lack of citizenship rights, racial discrimination, debt at home and threat of deportation; and, finally, that the failure to recognise forms of legal and economic deprivation and coercion as unfree labour has hurt the ability of the United States to enforce protection of human rights at home.
},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
This article reframes the discussion on vulnerable and exploited agricultural labour in twentieth-century United States using the overarching category of unfree labour. In order to do so, it bridges two usually distinct historiographies by linking the phenomenon of ‘peonage’ during the New Deal, with the one of immigrant contract labour in southern Florida, under the H2 visa. Archival research on the practices at the U.S. Sugar Corporation in southern Florida illustrates this link. The article draws on Federal archives, U.S. Government proceedings, papers of political activists and legal and labour scholarship to argue: firstly, that unfree labour has been an enduring feature of agricultural labour relations at regional level during the twentieth century, through both a transmission and a transformation of practices that had their origin in the control of black emancipated labour; secondly, that the introduction of `guest workers’ under the H2 and Bracero programme meant a modernisation in the practices of unfree labour, pivoting on the lack of citizenship rights, racial discrimination, debt at home and threat of deportation; and, finally, that the failure to recognise forms of legal and economic deprivation and coercion as unfree labour has hurt the ability of the United States to enforce protection of human rights at home.
6.
Terra, Paulo Cruz
Free and Unfree Labour and Ethnic Conflicts in the Brazilian Transport Industry: Rio de Janeiro in the Nineteenth Century Journal Article
In: International Review of Social History , vol. 59, iss. 1, pp. 113-132, 2014.
@article{nokey,
title = {Free and Unfree Labour and Ethnic Conflicts in the Brazilian Transport Industry: Rio de Janeiro in the Nineteenth Century},
author = {Paulo Cruz Terra},
year = {2014},
date = {2014-01-01},
journal = {International Review of Social History },
volume = {59},
issue = {1},
pages = {113-132},
abstract = {Over the course of the nineteenth century, major changes transformed the transport of people and freight in Rio de Janeiro, the capital of Brazil during this period. These transformations involved both technological change, as transport evolved first from carriages and carts to horse-drawn trams and then to electric trams, as well as economic developments, such as the establishment of the first tram companies, many of which became important vehicles for foreign capital to enter Brazil. Although there has been extensive research from various angles into the changes undergone by the city's transport sector, there remains, however, a significant lacuna in the existing literature: the workers involved in that sector. The aim of this article is to analyse the workforce of the urban transport sector in Rio de Janeiro in the nineteenth century, and to understand the labour that these workers provided, how they were affected by the transformations in the sector, and, at the same time, how they responded to those transformations. During this period, issues such as the connections between free and unfree labour, ethnic conflicts, and work regulation were very important in transport work in Rio de Janeiro, and they are explored in the text.
},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Over the course of the nineteenth century, major changes transformed the transport of people and freight in Rio de Janeiro, the capital of Brazil during this period. These transformations involved both technological change, as transport evolved first from carriages and carts to horse-drawn trams and then to electric trams, as well as economic developments, such as the establishment of the first tram companies, many of which became important vehicles for foreign capital to enter Brazil. Although there has been extensive research from various angles into the changes undergone by the city's transport sector, there remains, however, a significant lacuna in the existing literature: the workers involved in that sector. The aim of this article is to analyse the workforce of the urban transport sector in Rio de Janeiro in the nineteenth century, and to understand the labour that these workers provided, how they were affected by the transformations in the sector, and, at the same time, how they responded to those transformations. During this period, issues such as the connections between free and unfree labour, ethnic conflicts, and work regulation were very important in transport work in Rio de Janeiro, and they are explored in the text.
2022
Müller, Viola
Escape to the City. Fugitive Slaves in the Antebellum Urban South Book
2022.
Abstract | Tags: 19th century, migration and mobility, race, runaways, slavery, united states, urbanity
@book{nokey,
title = {Escape to the City. Fugitive Slaves in the Antebellum Urban South},
author = {Viola Müller},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-01-01},
abstract = {Viola Franziska Müller examines runaways who camouflaged themselves among the free Black populations in Baltimore, Charleston, New Orleans, and Richmond. In the urban South, they found shelter, work, and other survival networks that enabled them to live in slaveholding territory, shielded and supported by their host communities in an act of collective resistance to slavery. While all fugitives risked their lives to escape slavery, those who fled to southern cities were perhaps the most vulnerable of all. Not dissimilar to modern-day refugees and illegal migrants, runaway slaves that sought refuge in the urban South were antebellum America's undocumented people, forging lives free from bondage but without the legal status of freedpeople. Spanning from the 1810s to the start of the Civil War, Müller reveals how urbanization, work opportunities, and the interconnectedness of free and enslaved Black people in each city determined how successfully runaways could remain invisible to authorities.
},
keywords = {19th century, migration and mobility, race, runaways, slavery, united states, urbanity},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {book}
}
Viola Franziska Müller examines runaways who camouflaged themselves among the free Black populations in Baltimore, Charleston, New Orleans, and Richmond. In the urban South, they found shelter, work, and other survival networks that enabled them to live in slaveholding territory, shielded and supported by their host communities in an act of collective resistance to slavery. While all fugitives risked their lives to escape slavery, those who fled to southern cities were perhaps the most vulnerable of all. Not dissimilar to modern-day refugees and illegal migrants, runaway slaves that sought refuge in the urban South were antebellum America's undocumented people, forging lives free from bondage but without the legal status of freedpeople. Spanning from the 1810s to the start of the Civil War, Müller reveals how urbanization, work opportunities, and the interconnectedness of free and enslaved Black people in each city determined how successfully runaways could remain invisible to authorities.
2021
Sarti, Raffaella
From Slaves and Servants to Citizens? Regulating Dependency, Race, and Gender in Revolutionary France and the French West Indies Journal Article
In: International Review of Social History , vol. 67, iss. 1, pp. 65-95, 2021.
Abstract | Tags: abolition, colonialism, dependency, france, gender, race, revolt and revolution, service, slavery
@article{nokey,
title = {From Slaves and Servants to Citizens? Regulating Dependency, Race, and Gender in Revolutionary France and the French West Indies},
author = {Raffaella Sarti},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-01-01},
journal = {International Review of Social History },
volume = {67},
issue = {1},
pages = {65-95},
abstract = {A crucial aspect of the regulation of domestic service is the regulation of people's status. Because of its emphasis on freedom and equality, the French Revolution is particularly interesting. “Men are born and remain free and equal in rights. Social distinctions may be based only on considerations of the common good.” These principles of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen (26 August 1789) did not seem to leave room for slavery and master/servant hierarchies. Yet, their impact on slaves and servants was ambivalent, as I shall show by focusing on France and its Caribbean colonies. Dependency, race, and gender are crucial in my analysis. After sketching the features of servants, serfs, slaves, and indentured servants at the end of the Ancien Régime, I will analyse how the Revolution affected them, focusing on serfs and servants in metropolitan France, on black colonial slaves, and on female slaves and servants. While I investigate the “French imperial nation-State”, I will also provide some comparison with the American case. The Revolution led to a feminization of dependence both in metropolitan France and in the French Caribbean, making dependence more gendered. It abolished serfdom and slavery, and enfranchised male domestiques. Thus, on the one hand, it was really revolutionary; on the other, colonial slavery was first replaced by bonded labour and then reintroduced. Male domestiques were enfranchised briefly and only on paper; they would be enfranchised when slavery in the French colonies was abolished (1848). Women were excluded: mistresses and maids had to wait until 1944 to become full citizens. This makes it impossible to establish clear-cut distinctions between pre-revolutionary and post-revolutionary times, and in part challenges the difference between metropole and colonies.
},
keywords = {abolition, colonialism, dependency, france, gender, race, revolt and revolution, service, slavery},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
A crucial aspect of the regulation of domestic service is the regulation of people's status. Because of its emphasis on freedom and equality, the French Revolution is particularly interesting. “Men are born and remain free and equal in rights. Social distinctions may be based only on considerations of the common good.” These principles of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen (26 August 1789) did not seem to leave room for slavery and master/servant hierarchies. Yet, their impact on slaves and servants was ambivalent, as I shall show by focusing on France and its Caribbean colonies. Dependency, race, and gender are crucial in my analysis. After sketching the features of servants, serfs, slaves, and indentured servants at the end of the Ancien Régime, I will analyse how the Revolution affected them, focusing on serfs and servants in metropolitan France, on black colonial slaves, and on female slaves and servants. While I investigate the “French imperial nation-State”, I will also provide some comparison with the American case. The Revolution led to a feminization of dependence both in metropolitan France and in the French Caribbean, making dependence more gendered. It abolished serfdom and slavery, and enfranchised male domestiques. Thus, on the one hand, it was really revolutionary; on the other, colonial slavery was first replaced by bonded labour and then reintroduced. Male domestiques were enfranchised briefly and only on paper; they would be enfranchised when slavery in the French colonies was abolished (1848). Women were excluded: mistresses and maids had to wait until 1944 to become full citizens. This makes it impossible to establish clear-cut distinctions between pre-revolutionary and post-revolutionary times, and in part challenges the difference between metropole and colonies.
2019
Müller, Viola
Early Undocumented Workers: Runaway Slaves and African Americans in the American Urban South, c. 1830-1860 Journal Article
In: Labor History, vol. 60, pp. 865-868, 2019.
Abstract | Tags: 19th century, race, runaways, slavery, united states
@article{nokey,
title = {Early Undocumented Workers: Runaway Slaves and African Americans in the American Urban South, c. 1830-1860},
author = {Viola Müller},
year = {2019},
date = {2019-01-01},
urldate = {2019-01-01},
journal = {Labor History},
volume = {60},
pages = {865-868},
abstract = {Between 1800 and 1860, thousands of people escaped slavery by making their way to the burgeoning cities and towns within the US South. There, runaway slaves joined free African Americans, of whom many were undocumented residents of their states. This ‘undocumentedness’ placed them in a liminal status between free and unfree. The increasingly disadvantageous socio-economic position of the free black population created opportunities for runaway slaves to blend in in large numbers, as well as for the undocumented as a whole to make ends meet.
},
keywords = {19th century, race, runaways, slavery, united states},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Between 1800 and 1860, thousands of people escaped slavery by making their way to the burgeoning cities and towns within the US South. There, runaway slaves joined free African Americans, of whom many were undocumented residents of their states. This ‘undocumentedness’ placed them in a liminal status between free and unfree. The increasingly disadvantageous socio-economic position of the free black population created opportunities for runaway slaves to blend in in large numbers, as well as for the undocumented as a whole to make ends meet.
Popinigis, Fabiane; Terra, Paulo Cruz
Classe, raça e a história social do trabalho no Brasil (2001-2016) Journal Article
In: Estudos Históricos, 2019.
Abstract | Tags: brazil, gender, historiography, latin america, race, working class
@article{nokey,
title = {Classe, raça e a história social do trabalho no Brasil (2001-2016)},
author = {Fabiane Popinigis and Paulo Cruz Terra},
year = {2019},
date = {2019-01-01},
urldate = {2019-01-01},
journal = {Estudos Históricos},
abstract = {In a 1998 article, Silvia H. Lara made a harsh critique regarding the exclusion of Black people, be them enslaved or free, from the history of labor in Brazil. Identified only with free and wage-earning labor, this history would have ignored the experiences and struggles of those workers before and after the abolition of slavery. Twenty years after the publication of this is critique, which has been highly influential among academia, our goal in the present article is to resume this questioning, trying to identify how and to what extent the demand for expanded dialogues was incorporated into the production of the Work Group Mundos do Trabalho (‘Worlds of Labor’), which is connected to Associação Nacional de História (‘National History Association’), and using as sources the production presented by the researches within this Work Group.
},
keywords = {brazil, gender, historiography, latin america, race, working class},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
In a 1998 article, Silvia H. Lara made a harsh critique regarding the exclusion of Black people, be them enslaved or free, from the history of labor in Brazil. Identified only with free and wage-earning labor, this history would have ignored the experiences and struggles of those workers before and after the abolition of slavery. Twenty years after the publication of this is critique, which has been highly influential among academia, our goal in the present article is to resume this questioning, trying to identify how and to what extent the demand for expanded dialogues was incorporated into the production of the Work Group Mundos do Trabalho (‘Worlds of Labor’), which is connected to Associação Nacional de História (‘National History Association’), and using as sources the production presented by the researches within this Work Group.
2018
Pizzolato, Nico
Harvests of shame: enduring unfree labour in the twentieth-century United States, 1933–1964 Journal Article
In: Labor History, vol. 59, iss. 4, pp. 1-19, 2018.
Abstract | Tags: 20th century, agrarian labour and rural history, migration and mobility, race, united states
@article{nokey,
title = {Harvests of shame: enduring unfree labour in the twentieth-century United States, 1933–1964},
author = {Nico Pizzolato},
year = {2018},
date = {2018-01-01},
urldate = {2018-01-01},
journal = {Labor History},
volume = {59},
issue = {4},
pages = {1-19},
abstract = {This article reframes the discussion on vulnerable and exploited agricultural labour in twentieth-century United States using the overarching category of unfree labour. In order to do so, it bridges two usually distinct historiographies by linking the phenomenon of ‘peonage’ during the New Deal, with the one of immigrant contract labour in southern Florida, under the H2 visa. Archival research on the practices at the U.S. Sugar Corporation in southern Florida illustrates this link. The article draws on Federal archives, U.S. Government proceedings, papers of political activists and legal and labour scholarship to argue: firstly, that unfree labour has been an enduring feature of agricultural labour relations at regional level during the twentieth century, through both a transmission and a transformation of practices that had their origin in the control of black emancipated labour; secondly, that the introduction of `guest workers’ under the H2 and Bracero programme meant a modernisation in the practices of unfree labour, pivoting on the lack of citizenship rights, racial discrimination, debt at home and threat of deportation; and, finally, that the failure to recognise forms of legal and economic deprivation and coercion as unfree labour has hurt the ability of the United States to enforce protection of human rights at home.
},
keywords = {20th century, agrarian labour and rural history, migration and mobility, race, united states},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
This article reframes the discussion on vulnerable and exploited agricultural labour in twentieth-century United States using the overarching category of unfree labour. In order to do so, it bridges two usually distinct historiographies by linking the phenomenon of ‘peonage’ during the New Deal, with the one of immigrant contract labour in southern Florida, under the H2 visa. Archival research on the practices at the U.S. Sugar Corporation in southern Florida illustrates this link. The article draws on Federal archives, U.S. Government proceedings, papers of political activists and legal and labour scholarship to argue: firstly, that unfree labour has been an enduring feature of agricultural labour relations at regional level during the twentieth century, through both a transmission and a transformation of practices that had their origin in the control of black emancipated labour; secondly, that the introduction of `guest workers’ under the H2 and Bracero programme meant a modernisation in the practices of unfree labour, pivoting on the lack of citizenship rights, racial discrimination, debt at home and threat of deportation; and, finally, that the failure to recognise forms of legal and economic deprivation and coercion as unfree labour has hurt the ability of the United States to enforce protection of human rights at home.
2014
Terra, Paulo Cruz
Free and Unfree Labour and Ethnic Conflicts in the Brazilian Transport Industry: Rio de Janeiro in the Nineteenth Century Journal Article
In: International Review of Social History , vol. 59, iss. 1, pp. 113-132, 2014.
Abstract | Tags: 19th century, brazil, race, working conditions
@article{nokey,
title = {Free and Unfree Labour and Ethnic Conflicts in the Brazilian Transport Industry: Rio de Janeiro in the Nineteenth Century},
author = {Paulo Cruz Terra},
year = {2014},
date = {2014-01-01},
journal = {International Review of Social History },
volume = {59},
issue = {1},
pages = {113-132},
abstract = {Over the course of the nineteenth century, major changes transformed the transport of people and freight in Rio de Janeiro, the capital of Brazil during this period. These transformations involved both technological change, as transport evolved first from carriages and carts to horse-drawn trams and then to electric trams, as well as economic developments, such as the establishment of the first tram companies, many of which became important vehicles for foreign capital to enter Brazil. Although there has been extensive research from various angles into the changes undergone by the city's transport sector, there remains, however, a significant lacuna in the existing literature: the workers involved in that sector. The aim of this article is to analyse the workforce of the urban transport sector in Rio de Janeiro in the nineteenth century, and to understand the labour that these workers provided, how they were affected by the transformations in the sector, and, at the same time, how they responded to those transformations. During this period, issues such as the connections between free and unfree labour, ethnic conflicts, and work regulation were very important in transport work in Rio de Janeiro, and they are explored in the text.
},
keywords = {19th century, brazil, race, working conditions},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Over the course of the nineteenth century, major changes transformed the transport of people and freight in Rio de Janeiro, the capital of Brazil during this period. These transformations involved both technological change, as transport evolved first from carriages and carts to horse-drawn trams and then to electric trams, as well as economic developments, such as the establishment of the first tram companies, many of which became important vehicles for foreign capital to enter Brazil. Although there has been extensive research from various angles into the changes undergone by the city's transport sector, there remains, however, a significant lacuna in the existing literature: the workers involved in that sector. The aim of this article is to analyse the workforce of the urban transport sector in Rio de Janeiro in the nineteenth century, and to understand the labour that these workers provided, how they were affected by the transformations in the sector, and, at the same time, how they responded to those transformations. During this period, issues such as the connections between free and unfree labour, ethnic conflicts, and work regulation were very important in transport work in Rio de Janeiro, and they are explored in the text.