1.
Almagro-Vidal, Clara
Grammars of Dependence. A Historical Semantics Approach to Population Charters Granted by Military Orders to Muslims in Medieval Iberia Journal Article
In: Austrian Journal of Historical Studies, vol. 34, iss. 2, pp. 106-125, 2023.
@article{nokey,
title = { Grammars of Dependence. A Historical Semantics Approach to Population Charters Granted by Military Orders to Muslims in Medieval Iberia },
author = {Clara Almagro-Vidal},
year = {2023},
date = {2023-10-01},
issuetitle = {Work Semantics / Semantiken der Arbeit},
journal = {Austrian Journal of Historical Studies},
volume = {34},
issue = {2},
pages = {106-125},
abstract = {The aim of this paper is to analyse written records associated with the establishment of bonds between military orders as territorial lords and Muslims as settlers in the Christian kingdoms of medieval Iberia. These records are usually known as cartas de población or population charters and were issued in the context of the settlement of populations in a given area. Methods derived from historical semantics are applied to these texts, and the analysis explores the ways in which the existing asymmetrical power relationships were reflected not only in the contents of the charters but also in the grammar and expressions used to formulate them.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
The aim of this paper is to analyse written records associated with the establishment of bonds between military orders as territorial lords and Muslims as settlers in the Christian kingdoms of medieval Iberia. These records are usually known as cartas de población or population charters and were issued in the context of the settlement of populations in a given area. Methods derived from historical semantics are applied to these texts, and the analysis explores the ways in which the existing asymmetrical power relationships were reflected not only in the contents of the charters but also in the grammar and expressions used to formulate them.
2.
Almagro-Vidal, Clara
“Our Moors”: Military Orders and Unfree Muslims in the Kingdom of Castile Book Chapter
In: Morton, Nicholas (Ed.): The Military Orders, Vol. VII: Piety, Pugnacity and Property, pp. 139-148, 2019.
@inbook{nokey,
title = {“Our Moors”: Military Orders and Unfree Muslims in the Kingdom of Castile},
author = {Clara Almagro-Vidal},
editor = {Nicholas Morton},
year = {2019},
date = {2019-09-01},
urldate = {2019-09-01},
booktitle = {The Military Orders, Vol. VII: Piety, Pugnacity and Property},
pages = {139-148},
abstract = {Fernando of Aragon and Isabel of Castile had taken over as administrators of the Order in 1487 and had also instituted the forced baptism of Muslims, thereby creating the problem. The military orders present in the Kingdom of Castile during the Middle Ages have been chosen as a case study. This chapter discusses a bigger project that aims to study the relationship between military orders and Muslims living in their Iberian lands during the Middle Ages. A significant number of the Muslims mentioned in association with military orders were slaves. Although undoubtedly many Muslim captives of the orders ended up as slaves and were appreciated for the potential role, they also held value in themselves as leverage for the liberation of Christians who had suffered the same fate. The interpretation of the partial exemption, and also the status of Muslims living under the rule of the Order, becomes even more muddled because of another contradictory account.
},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inbook}
}
Fernando of Aragon and Isabel of Castile had taken over as administrators of the Order in 1487 and had also instituted the forced baptism of Muslims, thereby creating the problem. The military orders present in the Kingdom of Castile during the Middle Ages have been chosen as a case study. This chapter discusses a bigger project that aims to study the relationship between military orders and Muslims living in their Iberian lands during the Middle Ages. A significant number of the Muslims mentioned in association with military orders were slaves. Although undoubtedly many Muslim captives of the orders ended up as slaves and were appreciated for the potential role, they also held value in themselves as leverage for the liberation of Christians who had suffered the same fate. The interpretation of the partial exemption, and also the status of Muslims living under the rule of the Order, becomes even more muddled because of another contradictory account.
3.
Ongaro, Giulio
Il lavoro militare nella prima età moderna (xvi-xvii sec.): soldati, guastatori e galeotti tra subordinazione e agency Journal Article
In: MEFRIM: Italie et Méditerranée modernes et contemporaines, vol. 131, iss. 1, pp. 15-27, 2019.
@article{nokey,
title = {Il lavoro militare nella prima età moderna (xvi-xvii sec.): soldati, guastatori e galeotti tra subordinazione e agency},
author = {Giulio Ongaro },
year = {2019},
date = {2019-01-01},
issuetitle = {L’empreinte domestique du travail},
journal = {MEFRIM: Italie et Méditerranée modernes et contemporaines},
volume = {131},
issue = {1},
pages = {15-27},
abstract = {The article aims at demonstrating that “domesticity” remained a fundamental element in the enrollment of men and, broadly, in the functioning of the military structure in spite of a supposed process of “nationalisation” of the armied between the early modern and the contemporary period. In this context, it also focuses on the agency of the soldiers, analysing different practices that affected the military structure and, broadly, the social context in which soldiers were placed.
},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
The article aims at demonstrating that “domesticity” remained a fundamental element in the enrollment of men and, broadly, in the functioning of the military structure in spite of a supposed process of “nationalisation” of the armied between the early modern and the contemporary period. In this context, it also focuses on the agency of the soldiers, analysing different practices that affected the military structure and, broadly, the social context in which soldiers were placed.
4.
Almagro-Vidal, Clara
Más Allá de la Aljama: Comunidades Musulmanas bajo el Dominio de la Orden de Calatrava en Castilla Journal Article
In: En la España Medieval, vol. 41, pp. 9-22, 2018.
@article{nokey,
title = {Más Allá de la Aljama: Comunidades Musulmanas bajo el Dominio de la Orden de Calatrava en Castilla},
author = {Clara Almagro-Vidal},
year = {2018},
date = {2018-01-01},
urldate = {2018-01-01},
journal = {En la España Medieval},
volume = {41},
pages = {9-22},
abstract = {This article examines Muslims who lived under the rule of the military Order of Calatrava in Medieval Castile. Recent studies have shown that the presence of Muslims in the lands administered by this military order was more complex and varied than it had been previously suspected, and that it goes beyond slaves and aljamas. As a consequence, new questions must be posed as to how Muslim rural communities in these lands were framed by Christian authorities both to collect the revenue they created and regarding other aspects of everyday life.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
This article examines Muslims who lived under the rule of the military Order of Calatrava in Medieval Castile. Recent studies have shown that the presence of Muslims in the lands administered by this military order was more complex and varied than it had been previously suspected, and that it goes beyond slaves and aljamas. As a consequence, new questions must be posed as to how Muslim rural communities in these lands were framed by Christian authorities both to collect the revenue they created and regarding other aspects of everyday life.
5.
Sundevall, Fia
Military Education for Non-Military Purposes: Economic and Social Governing Projects Targeting Conscripts in Early Twentieth-Century Sweden Journal Article
In: History of Education Review, vol. 46, iss. 1, pp. 58-71, 2017.
@article{nokey,
title = {Military Education for Non-Military Purposes: Economic and Social Governing Projects Targeting Conscripts in Early Twentieth-Century Sweden},
author = {Fia Sundevall},
year = {2017},
date = {2017-01-01},
journal = {History of Education Review},
volume = {46},
issue = {1},
pages = {58-71},
abstract = {The article explores mandatory military service – a means to recruit and train male citizens for military labour through force – as a tool and arena for solving various social and economic problems such as mass unemployment, alcohol abuse, and elementary education deficiencies, as well as shortages of skilled personnel in particular branches of great importance for the nation’s economy.
},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
The article explores mandatory military service – a means to recruit and train male citizens for military labour through force – as a tool and arena for solving various social and economic problems such as mass unemployment, alcohol abuse, and elementary education deficiencies, as well as shortages of skilled personnel in particular branches of great importance for the nation’s economy.
6.
Tărîță, Marius
The Policy of the Party’s Organization in the Lipcani District of the Moldavian SSR in 1944-1945 Book Chapter
In: Radu, Sorin; Budeancă, Cosmin (Ed.): Countryside and communism in Eastern Europe. Perceptions. Attitude. Propaganda, pp. 79-84, 2016.
@inbook{nokey,
title = {The Policy of the Party’s Organization in the Lipcani District of the Moldavian SSR in 1944-1945},
author = {Marius Tărîță},
editor = {Sorin Radu and Cosmin Budeancă},
year = {2016},
date = {2016-01-01},
booktitle = {Countryside and communism in Eastern Europe. Perceptions. Attitude. Propaganda},
pages = {79-84},
abstract = {This article reflects the archive info concerning the authorities attitude in a little district (0,5 square km) during the last year of war. During that year the power there was shared by military and functionaries of Communist Party branch. In fact the military abused of their tools in imposing the peasants to contribute with grains for so-called State reserve. In internal discussions the fails were explained (transferred) through rich peasant origin of schools staff. A number of young were recruited to the Army and sent to front. Others were used in agricultural activities. The authorities treated the inhabitants of the district as persons with duties in face of state and imposed the lack of any choice.
},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inbook}
}
This article reflects the archive info concerning the authorities attitude in a little district (0,5 square km) during the last year of war. During that year the power there was shared by military and functionaries of Communist Party branch. In fact the military abused of their tools in imposing the peasants to contribute with grains for so-called State reserve. In internal discussions the fails were explained (transferred) through rich peasant origin of schools staff. A number of young were recruited to the Army and sent to front. Others were used in agricultural activities. The authorities treated the inhabitants of the district as persons with duties in face of state and imposed the lack of any choice.
7.
Almagro-Vidal, Clara
Moros al Servicio de las Órdenes Militares en Castilla: Algunas Reflexiones Conference
Actas del XIII Simposio Internacional de Mudejarismo Celebrado en Teruel, 4-5 septiembre de 2014, 2014.
@conference{nokey,
title = {Moros al Servicio de las Órdenes Militares en Castilla: Algunas Reflexiones},
author = {Clara Almagro-Vidal},
year = {2014},
date = {2014-09-05},
urldate = {2014-09-05},
booktitle = {Actas del XIII Simposio Internacional de Mudejarismo Celebrado en Teruel, 4-5 septiembre de 2014},
pages = {191-200},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {conference}
}
8.
Ivanović, Miloš
Razvitak vojne službe kao osnov formiranja vlasteoskog sloja u srpskoj srednjovekovnoj državi [Development of Military Service as Foundation for Creation of Nobility in Medieval Serbia] Journal Article
In: Vojnoistorijski glasnik [Military Historical Review], vol. 1, pp. 30-48, 2014.
@article{nokey,
title = {Razvitak vojne službe kao osnov formiranja vlasteoskog sloja u srpskoj srednjovekovnoj državi [Development of Military Service as Foundation for Creation of Nobility in Medieval Serbia]},
author = {Miloš Ivanović},
year = {2014},
date = {2014-01-01},
urldate = {2014-01-01},
journal = {Vojnoistorijski glasnik [Military Historical Review]},
volume = {1},
pages = {30-48},
abstract = {Occasional submission of Serbian lands to Byzantine Empire or Bulgaria slow down creation of local elites. Process of political emancipation from Byzantine rule, which started in Doclea during 11th and its successful continuation in Raska during 12th century wouldn’t be feasible without existence of group of professional soldiers”. Confirmation could be found in writings of Byzantine writers as well in certain archeological sites. By the end of 12th century in Serbia appeared new type of soldier – armored cavalryman. Almost simultaneously appeared group of dependent inhabitants tied to land which was supposed to secure nobility with sufficient revenues. By the beginning of 13th century in hagiographies and charts beside nobility as separate social category appeared soldiers. Analyses of sources showed that both belonged to the class of warriors while nobility was entitled to higher titles and governing positions. In time, soldiers stop being separate social category and enter the ranks of nobility whose main obligation was warfare. By the mid-14th century this was confirmed by the Emperor Dusan Code. Thanks to its privileges nobility clearly differed from Vlachs among whom some were obliged to participate in war.
},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Occasional submission of Serbian lands to Byzantine Empire or Bulgaria slow down creation of local elites. Process of political emancipation from Byzantine rule, which started in Doclea during 11th and its successful continuation in Raska during 12th century wouldn’t be feasible without existence of group of professional soldiers”. Confirmation could be found in writings of Byzantine writers as well in certain archeological sites. By the end of 12th century in Serbia appeared new type of soldier – armored cavalryman. Almost simultaneously appeared group of dependent inhabitants tied to land which was supposed to secure nobility with sufficient revenues. By the beginning of 13th century in hagiographies and charts beside nobility as separate social category appeared soldiers. Analyses of sources showed that both belonged to the class of warriors while nobility was entitled to higher titles and governing positions. In time, soldiers stop being separate social category and enter the ranks of nobility whose main obligation was warfare. By the mid-14th century this was confirmed by the Emperor Dusan Code. Thanks to its privileges nobility clearly differed from Vlachs among whom some were obliged to participate in war.
2023
Almagro-Vidal, Clara
Grammars of Dependence. A Historical Semantics Approach to Population Charters Granted by Military Orders to Muslims in Medieval Iberia Journal Article
In: Austrian Journal of Historical Studies, vol. 34, iss. 2, pp. 106-125, 2023.
Abstract | Tags: historical semantics, iberia, medieval history, military, muslims, spain
@article{nokey,
title = { Grammars of Dependence. A Historical Semantics Approach to Population Charters Granted by Military Orders to Muslims in Medieval Iberia },
author = {Clara Almagro-Vidal},
year = {2023},
date = {2023-10-01},
issuetitle = {Work Semantics / Semantiken der Arbeit},
journal = {Austrian Journal of Historical Studies},
volume = {34},
issue = {2},
pages = {106-125},
abstract = {The aim of this paper is to analyse written records associated with the establishment of bonds between military orders as territorial lords and Muslims as settlers in the Christian kingdoms of medieval Iberia. These records are usually known as cartas de población or population charters and were issued in the context of the settlement of populations in a given area. Methods derived from historical semantics are applied to these texts, and the analysis explores the ways in which the existing asymmetrical power relationships were reflected not only in the contents of the charters but also in the grammar and expressions used to formulate them.},
keywords = {historical semantics, iberia, medieval history, military, muslims, spain},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
The aim of this paper is to analyse written records associated with the establishment of bonds between military orders as territorial lords and Muslims as settlers in the Christian kingdoms of medieval Iberia. These records are usually known as cartas de población or population charters and were issued in the context of the settlement of populations in a given area. Methods derived from historical semantics are applied to these texts, and the analysis explores the ways in which the existing asymmetrical power relationships were reflected not only in the contents of the charters but also in the grammar and expressions used to formulate them.
2019
Almagro-Vidal, Clara
“Our Moors”: Military Orders and Unfree Muslims in the Kingdom of Castile Book Chapter
In: Morton, Nicholas (Ed.): The Military Orders, Vol. VII: Piety, Pugnacity and Property, pp. 139-148, 2019.
Abstract | Tags: medieval history, military, muslims, spain
@inbook{nokey,
title = {“Our Moors”: Military Orders and Unfree Muslims in the Kingdom of Castile},
author = {Clara Almagro-Vidal},
editor = {Nicholas Morton},
year = {2019},
date = {2019-09-01},
urldate = {2019-09-01},
booktitle = {The Military Orders, Vol. VII: Piety, Pugnacity and Property},
pages = {139-148},
abstract = {Fernando of Aragon and Isabel of Castile had taken over as administrators of the Order in 1487 and had also instituted the forced baptism of Muslims, thereby creating the problem. The military orders present in the Kingdom of Castile during the Middle Ages have been chosen as a case study. This chapter discusses a bigger project that aims to study the relationship between military orders and Muslims living in their Iberian lands during the Middle Ages. A significant number of the Muslims mentioned in association with military orders were slaves. Although undoubtedly many Muslim captives of the orders ended up as slaves and were appreciated for the potential role, they also held value in themselves as leverage for the liberation of Christians who had suffered the same fate. The interpretation of the partial exemption, and also the status of Muslims living under the rule of the Order, becomes even more muddled because of another contradictory account.
},
keywords = {medieval history, military, muslims, spain},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inbook}
}
Fernando of Aragon and Isabel of Castile had taken over as administrators of the Order in 1487 and had also instituted the forced baptism of Muslims, thereby creating the problem. The military orders present in the Kingdom of Castile during the Middle Ages have been chosen as a case study. This chapter discusses a bigger project that aims to study the relationship between military orders and Muslims living in their Iberian lands during the Middle Ages. A significant number of the Muslims mentioned in association with military orders were slaves. Although undoubtedly many Muslim captives of the orders ended up as slaves and were appreciated for the potential role, they also held value in themselves as leverage for the liberation of Christians who had suffered the same fate. The interpretation of the partial exemption, and also the status of Muslims living under the rule of the Order, becomes even more muddled because of another contradictory account.
Ongaro, Giulio
Il lavoro militare nella prima età moderna (xvi-xvii sec.): soldati, guastatori e galeotti tra subordinazione e agency Journal Article
In: MEFRIM: Italie et Méditerranée modernes et contemporaines, vol. 131, iss. 1, pp. 15-27, 2019.
Abstract | Tags: early modern history, military
@article{nokey,
title = {Il lavoro militare nella prima età moderna (xvi-xvii sec.): soldati, guastatori e galeotti tra subordinazione e agency},
author = {Giulio Ongaro },
year = {2019},
date = {2019-01-01},
issuetitle = {L’empreinte domestique du travail},
journal = {MEFRIM: Italie et Méditerranée modernes et contemporaines},
volume = {131},
issue = {1},
pages = {15-27},
abstract = {The article aims at demonstrating that “domesticity” remained a fundamental element in the enrollment of men and, broadly, in the functioning of the military structure in spite of a supposed process of “nationalisation” of the armied between the early modern and the contemporary period. In this context, it also focuses on the agency of the soldiers, analysing different practices that affected the military structure and, broadly, the social context in which soldiers were placed.
},
keywords = {early modern history, military},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
The article aims at demonstrating that “domesticity” remained a fundamental element in the enrollment of men and, broadly, in the functioning of the military structure in spite of a supposed process of “nationalisation” of the armied between the early modern and the contemporary period. In this context, it also focuses on the agency of the soldiers, analysing different practices that affected the military structure and, broadly, the social context in which soldiers were placed.
2018
Almagro-Vidal, Clara
Más Allá de la Aljama: Comunidades Musulmanas bajo el Dominio de la Orden de Calatrava en Castilla Journal Article
In: En la España Medieval, vol. 41, pp. 9-22, 2018.
Abstract | Tags: medieval history, military, muslims, religion, spain
@article{nokey,
title = {Más Allá de la Aljama: Comunidades Musulmanas bajo el Dominio de la Orden de Calatrava en Castilla},
author = {Clara Almagro-Vidal},
year = {2018},
date = {2018-01-01},
urldate = {2018-01-01},
journal = {En la España Medieval},
volume = {41},
pages = {9-22},
abstract = {This article examines Muslims who lived under the rule of the military Order of Calatrava in Medieval Castile. Recent studies have shown that the presence of Muslims in the lands administered by this military order was more complex and varied than it had been previously suspected, and that it goes beyond slaves and aljamas. As a consequence, new questions must be posed as to how Muslim rural communities in these lands were framed by Christian authorities both to collect the revenue they created and regarding other aspects of everyday life.},
keywords = {medieval history, military, muslims, religion, spain},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
This article examines Muslims who lived under the rule of the military Order of Calatrava in Medieval Castile. Recent studies have shown that the presence of Muslims in the lands administered by this military order was more complex and varied than it had been previously suspected, and that it goes beyond slaves and aljamas. As a consequence, new questions must be posed as to how Muslim rural communities in these lands were framed by Christian authorities both to collect the revenue they created and regarding other aspects of everyday life.
2017
Sundevall, Fia
Military Education for Non-Military Purposes: Economic and Social Governing Projects Targeting Conscripts in Early Twentieth-Century Sweden Journal Article
In: History of Education Review, vol. 46, iss. 1, pp. 58-71, 2017.
Abstract | Tags: 20th century, economic and social policy, education, military, scandinavia, social control, sweden
@article{nokey,
title = {Military Education for Non-Military Purposes: Economic and Social Governing Projects Targeting Conscripts in Early Twentieth-Century Sweden},
author = {Fia Sundevall},
year = {2017},
date = {2017-01-01},
journal = {History of Education Review},
volume = {46},
issue = {1},
pages = {58-71},
abstract = {The article explores mandatory military service – a means to recruit and train male citizens for military labour through force – as a tool and arena for solving various social and economic problems such as mass unemployment, alcohol abuse, and elementary education deficiencies, as well as shortages of skilled personnel in particular branches of great importance for the nation’s economy.
},
keywords = {20th century, economic and social policy, education, military, scandinavia, social control, sweden},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
The article explores mandatory military service – a means to recruit and train male citizens for military labour through force – as a tool and arena for solving various social and economic problems such as mass unemployment, alcohol abuse, and elementary education deficiencies, as well as shortages of skilled personnel in particular branches of great importance for the nation’s economy.
2016
Tărîță, Marius
The Policy of the Party’s Organization in the Lipcani District of the Moldavian SSR in 1944-1945 Book Chapter
In: Radu, Sorin; Budeancă, Cosmin (Ed.): Countryside and communism in Eastern Europe. Perceptions. Attitude. Propaganda, pp. 79-84, 2016.
Abstract | Tags: 20th century, military, moldova
@inbook{nokey,
title = {The Policy of the Party’s Organization in the Lipcani District of the Moldavian SSR in 1944-1945},
author = {Marius Tărîță},
editor = {Sorin Radu and Cosmin Budeancă},
year = {2016},
date = {2016-01-01},
booktitle = {Countryside and communism in Eastern Europe. Perceptions. Attitude. Propaganda},
pages = {79-84},
abstract = {This article reflects the archive info concerning the authorities attitude in a little district (0,5 square km) during the last year of war. During that year the power there was shared by military and functionaries of Communist Party branch. In fact the military abused of their tools in imposing the peasants to contribute with grains for so-called State reserve. In internal discussions the fails were explained (transferred) through rich peasant origin of schools staff. A number of young were recruited to the Army and sent to front. Others were used in agricultural activities. The authorities treated the inhabitants of the district as persons with duties in face of state and imposed the lack of any choice.
},
keywords = {20th century, military, moldova},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inbook}
}
This article reflects the archive info concerning the authorities attitude in a little district (0,5 square km) during the last year of war. During that year the power there was shared by military and functionaries of Communist Party branch. In fact the military abused of their tools in imposing the peasants to contribute with grains for so-called State reserve. In internal discussions the fails were explained (transferred) through rich peasant origin of schools staff. A number of young were recruited to the Army and sent to front. Others were used in agricultural activities. The authorities treated the inhabitants of the district as persons with duties in face of state and imposed the lack of any choice.
2014
Almagro-Vidal, Clara
Moros al Servicio de las Órdenes Militares en Castilla: Algunas Reflexiones Conference
Actas del XIII Simposio Internacional de Mudejarismo Celebrado en Teruel, 4-5 septiembre de 2014, 2014.
Tags: medieval history, military, muslims, spain
@conference{nokey,
title = {Moros al Servicio de las Órdenes Militares en Castilla: Algunas Reflexiones},
author = {Clara Almagro-Vidal},
year = {2014},
date = {2014-09-05},
urldate = {2014-09-05},
booktitle = {Actas del XIII Simposio Internacional de Mudejarismo Celebrado en Teruel, 4-5 septiembre de 2014},
pages = {191-200},
keywords = {medieval history, military, muslims, spain},
pubstate = {published},
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Ivanović, Miloš
Razvitak vojne službe kao osnov formiranja vlasteoskog sloja u srpskoj srednjovekovnoj državi [Development of Military Service as Foundation for Creation of Nobility in Medieval Serbia] Journal Article
In: Vojnoistorijski glasnik [Military Historical Review], vol. 1, pp. 30-48, 2014.
Abstract | Tags: central and eastern europe, medieval history, military, serbia
@article{nokey,
title = {Razvitak vojne službe kao osnov formiranja vlasteoskog sloja u srpskoj srednjovekovnoj državi [Development of Military Service as Foundation for Creation of Nobility in Medieval Serbia]},
author = {Miloš Ivanović},
year = {2014},
date = {2014-01-01},
urldate = {2014-01-01},
journal = {Vojnoistorijski glasnik [Military Historical Review]},
volume = {1},
pages = {30-48},
abstract = {Occasional submission of Serbian lands to Byzantine Empire or Bulgaria slow down creation of local elites. Process of political emancipation from Byzantine rule, which started in Doclea during 11th and its successful continuation in Raska during 12th century wouldn’t be feasible without existence of group of professional soldiers”. Confirmation could be found in writings of Byzantine writers as well in certain archeological sites. By the end of 12th century in Serbia appeared new type of soldier – armored cavalryman. Almost simultaneously appeared group of dependent inhabitants tied to land which was supposed to secure nobility with sufficient revenues. By the beginning of 13th century in hagiographies and charts beside nobility as separate social category appeared soldiers. Analyses of sources showed that both belonged to the class of warriors while nobility was entitled to higher titles and governing positions. In time, soldiers stop being separate social category and enter the ranks of nobility whose main obligation was warfare. By the mid-14th century this was confirmed by the Emperor Dusan Code. Thanks to its privileges nobility clearly differed from Vlachs among whom some were obliged to participate in war.
},
keywords = {central and eastern europe, medieval history, military, serbia},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Occasional submission of Serbian lands to Byzantine Empire or Bulgaria slow down creation of local elites. Process of political emancipation from Byzantine rule, which started in Doclea during 11th and its successful continuation in Raska during 12th century wouldn’t be feasible without existence of group of professional soldiers”. Confirmation could be found in writings of Byzantine writers as well in certain archeological sites. By the end of 12th century in Serbia appeared new type of soldier – armored cavalryman. Almost simultaneously appeared group of dependent inhabitants tied to land which was supposed to secure nobility with sufficient revenues. By the beginning of 13th century in hagiographies and charts beside nobility as separate social category appeared soldiers. Analyses of sources showed that both belonged to the class of warriors while nobility was entitled to higher titles and governing positions. In time, soldiers stop being separate social category and enter the ranks of nobility whose main obligation was warfare. By the mid-14th century this was confirmed by the Emperor Dusan Code. Thanks to its privileges nobility clearly differed from Vlachs among whom some were obliged to participate in war.